1. Agenda
Mobility Management
in Leisure and Tourism
1) Basic facts on leisure and tourism mobility
2) Energy consumption and CO2-reduction aims:
preconditions on the demand side
Prof. Dr. Andreas Kagermeier
Freizeit- und Tourismusgeographie, Universität Trier
Lecture given at the Latvian University Riga
18. September 2008
Leisure and tourism as central mobility purposes
3) Conditions on the offer side for successful Mobility
Management approaches
4) Means of transport affinity as a central dimension on
the demand side
5) Conclusions
Leisure & Tourism Traffic: a fast growing Market?
40
Billion trips
40
)
35
)
36
)
36
)
36
)
36
)
35
)
35
30
30
)
26
)
26
)
27
20
20
10
10
0
1976
1983
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2001
0
2002
Source: DIW 2004

2. Leisure & Tourism Traffic: a fast growing Market?
Billion passenger-kilometers
500
384
,
400
300
,
271
256 ,
390
,
403
,
Affinity of Leisure & Tourism Traffic for Motorized
Private Vehicle Traffic
404
,
407
,
388 381
,
,
314
,
400
Distances
Trips
500
9,8%
3,3%
4,2%
0,01%
200
100
100
1983
6,3%
300
200
0
1976
6,3%
27,7%
4,4%
1,0%
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2001
0
2002
6,0%
74,0%
57,1%
foot
bike
coach
train
car
plane
Source: DIW 2004
Source: DIW 2004
Modal Split for the main holiday trip in Germany
Share of domestic and outbound tourism in Germany
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Source: Reiseanalyse div. Jg. (Haupturlaubsreisen)
Source: RA div.

3. Modal Split according to types of destinations
Transcontinental Journey especially energy-consuming
Energy
Consuption
(billion MJ)
Number
of journeys
(mio.)
NORTH
AMERICA
20
10
5
2,5
1
Source: RA 2007
Influence of the discussion on climate change on
the planning of holiday trips
SOUTHAMERICA
ASIA/
PACIFIC
AFRICA
Own design according to Becker 1997
Abroad: Journey itself main CO2-inducing factor
Example
Sun & Beach Mallorca
(2 weeks)
YES; 7,2
Journey
Accomodation
NO; 92,8
Meals
Source ETI 2007
Source: WWF 2008
Activities in the destination

4. Domestic: Activities in the destination become important
Transcontinental journeys especially CO2-inducing
Example
Holiday at the Baltic Sea
(Rügen)
Spain
(2 weeks)
Mexico
Baltic
Sea
Journey
Alps
Accomodation
Meals
Cruise
Activities in the destination
Source:
WWF 2008
Source: WWF 2008
CO2-reduction in everyday live: theoretical disposition
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
CO2-reduction in leisure and tourism: quite low
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Already doing it
Will do in the future
Source: FUR 2007
Already doing it
Will do in the future
Source: FUR 2007

5. Travel less frequently
0
20
40
Nearer destination
60
80
100
One holiday trip
20
40
60
80
Transcontinental
Will do in the future
Not even in the future
Already doing it
Will do in the future
Not even in the future
Source: FUR 2007
Tourists travelling by plane
0
20
40
60
Quelle: FUR 2007
intermediate recapitulation
80
100
Reduce plane travels
 Energy consumption and CO2-production as an interplay between
destination and mean of transport
 Abroad (especially transcontinental):
Reducing the distance by creating attractive offers in nearer
destinations
prices of kerosine ?? taxes ???
Voluntary charges
To compensate for CO2
 Domestic:
Apply Mobility Management Measures
Already doing it
100
Germany
More holiday trip
Already doing it
0
Will do in the future
Not even in the future
Source: FUR 2007

6. Delight of
travelling
New ways
to your
holiday
Avoid prescriptions and
penalties:
Stress the benefit of the
tourist
„hardware“- oriented measures
Transport
System
Management
Telematic
Laws,
Built
Regulations Infrastructure
Taxes,
Prices
Organisation
InforCommunication mation
Coordination
Mobility
Management
demand side oriented
measures
„software“-oriented measures
offer oriented measures
Source: Momentum 2000
Supply Side Basic Conditions for Successful Leisure &
Tourism Public Transport Offers
structural precondition:
aiming at choice-riders/non-captives
 transparency and quality of the offer
(frequency, direct relations, …)
 service quality in the catchment area

7. Basic Conditions: Quality of the Offer
poor quality
East
Westfalia
(rural)
Dinosaurierpark
good quality – rural
catchment area
Freilichtmuseum
good quality – urban
catchment area
Mensch&Natur
Munich
(urban)
Supply Side Basic Conditions for Successful Leisure &
Tourism Public Transport Offers
structural precondition:
aiming at choice-riders/non-captives
 transparency and quality of the offer
(frequency, direct relations, …)
 service quality in the catchment area
 management of car parking facilities
Zoo Hellabrunn
0%
20%
car
40%
60%
bus/train
bike
80%
100%
by foot
Source: own investigations
Basic Conditions: Quality of the Offer
low quality
East
Westfalia
(rural)
Dinosaurierpark
good quality – rural
catchment area
Freilichtmuseum
good quality – urban
catchment area
Mensch&Natur
Munich
(urban)
good quality – urban
+ park. management
Zoo Hellabrunn
0%
20%
car
40%
60%
bus/train
bike
80%
100%
by foot
Source: own investigations
offer side basic conditions for successful leisure
& tourism public transport offers
structural precondition:
aiming at choice-riders/non-captives
 transparency and quality of the offer
(frequency, direct relations, …)
 service quality in the catchment area
 management of car parking facilities
 constraints for car use

8. Role of car-restrictions in combination with
Parkingplace-Management
Supply Side Basic Conditions for Successful Leisure &
Tourism Public Transport Offers
structural precondition:
aiming at choice-riders/non-captives
Rachel:
72 %
 transparency and quality of the offer
(frequency, direct relations, …)
Lusen:
P
 service quality in the catchment area
19 %
 management of car parking facilities
 constraints for car use
 intensive marketing activities
(cooperation / “combined-tickets”)
Source: own investigations
Supply Side Basic Conditions for Successful Leisure &
Tourism Public Transport Offers
Role of „combined-tickets“

2/5 of car users know
the ticket
structural precondition:
aiming at choice-riders/non-captives
 transparency and quality of the offer

1/3 of combined-ticket
users have a high affinity
to private car use
(frequency, direct relations, …)
 service quality in the catchment area
 management of car parking facilities
 constraints for car use

1/3 of combined-ticket
users could have used
their own car
Source: own investigations
 intensive marketing activities
(cooperation / “combined-tickets”)
 slow reaction speed
(2 to 3 years start-up time)

9. Example of Time-Lag for Inventing new Offers
100%
Frankenwald-mobil
Vulkan-Express
80%
Conditions on the Demand Side
60%
40%
20%
0%
2000
2001
2002
2003
reference basis (100%): year 2003
Leisure Time Connotation of Different Means of
Transport (Medians)
no leisure connotation at all
by foot
1
2
3
strong leisure connotation
4
5
6
7
!
bike
!
motor-bike
!
car
!
sports car
!
coach
!
public transport
!
train
!
boat
!
airplane
1
2
3
no leisure connotation at all
4
5
6
!
7
strong leisure connotation
Quelle: Fastenmeier, Gstalter & Lehnig 2004, p. 19
Leisure Mobility Groups

10. Importance of Fun and Function for Transport
Alternatives in Leisure Time by „Mobility Groups“
Connotations for Different Transport Alternatives in
Leisure Time by „Mobility Groups“
2
2
1.5
Car
1
-2
Hasty
Individualists
0.5
-0.5
-1
-1.5
0.5
1
Fun importance
-0.5
2
-2
-1.5
-1
Price Conscious Dawdlers
Fun-Orientated
Car Enthusiasts
Sporty
Enviromentalists
Hasty
Individualists
Affinity for Different Transport Alternatives in
Leisure Time by „Mobility Groups“ (difference)
1
1.5
2
Function Factor
-0.5
-1
Versatile
Family Persons
-2
0.5
-0.5
Sporty Enviromentalists
Outside-Orientated
Sportlers
-1
-1.5
1.5
Fun-Orientated
Car Enthusiasts
Function Importance
Fun-Orientated
Car Enthusiasts
Outside- Hasty
Orientated 1 Individualists
Sportlers
Versatile
Family Persons
Price Conscious Dawdlers
Calm
0.5
Outside-Orientated Sportlers
Bon Viveurs
Sporty Enviromentalists
Price Conscious
Versatile
Dawdlers
Family Persons
Fun factor
Calm
Bon Viveurs
1.5
Public
Transport
-1.5
-2
Influence of „Mobility Groups“ I
(Location Zoo Munich)
2
Fun-Orientated Car
Enthusiasts
1.5
Public-Transport
1
Versatile Family
Persons
0.5
Calm
Bon Viveurs
-2
-1.5
-1
0.5
-0.5
Versatile
Family Persons
1
1.5
2
Sporty Enviromentalists
-0.5
Price Conscious
Dawdlers
-1
Outside-Orientated Sportlers
Sporty
Enviromentalists
Hasty
Individualists
0%
-1.5
-2
Car
Fun-Orientated
Car Enthusiasts
20%
40%
60%
Public Transport
80%
Car
100%

11. Influence of „Mobility Groups“ II
(Location Therme Erding)
Influence of „Mobility Groups“ III
(Location Museum Munich)
Fun-Orientated Car
Enthusiasts
Fun-Orientated Car
Enthusiasts
Versatile Family
Persons
Versatile Family
Persons
Sporty
Enviromentalists
Sporty
Enviromentalists
0%
20%
40%
60%
Public Transport
Market Communication
Quality of the Offer
80%
100%
0%
Car
20%
40%
60%
Public Transport
80%
Car
Market communication
Success
Factors
for Leisure
& Tourism
Transport
Service
provider
Q
Situation of Motorized Individual Traffic
Client
Catchment Area
Target Group Identification
(nature-, family-, sport-orientated)
DMM
Mobility
Service
100%

12. I want to thank you
for your attention
… and look
forward to a lively
discussion