1. 6 th International Macadamia Symposium
Crop protection Management in Brazil Macadamia Production
LEONARDO MORIYA
Agronomist
Queen Nut Macadamia

2. TOPICS OF PRESENTATION
• ON FIELD RESULTS
• The “Vaversa farm case”
• The “Firma farm case”
• Insects that occur in Brazil

3. Key points for a good crop
Favorable
climate
conditions
Trees Crop
nutrition protection

4. “VAVERSA CASE”
• 500 hectares
• 120.000 trees
• Average age of 25 years old
• Trees spacing of 8 x 5 m
• Staff of 90 people – 70 for harvesting
• Since 2008 they had a drastic drop on crop

5. VAVERSA CROPS VAVERSA Productivity
1400 2,5
1200
2,0
1000
Ton/ha
800 1,5
Tons
600 1,0
400
0,5
200
0 0,0
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Years Years NIS 10% Moisture

6. “FIRMA FARM CASE”
• 10.000 trees
• Spacing of 8 x 5
• 15 years old orchard
• Reasonable trees nutrition program
• Trees with not bad structure of vegetation and condition
• That lead to a good crop on the next years
• First action was to correct all the operations related to crop
protection

7. FIRMA FARM CROPS FIRMA FARM Productivity TON/ha
200 5,0
180 4,5
160 4,0
140 3,5
3,0
Ton/ha
120
Tons
100 2,5
80 2,0
60
1,5
1,0
40
0,5
20
0,0
0
2009 2010 2011 2012
2009 2010 2011 2012
Years Years NIS 10% Moisture

8. QUEEN NUT CROPS QUEEN NUT Productivity
900 4,0
800 3,5
700 3,0
600
2,5
Tons/ha
500
Tons
2,0
400
1,5
300
200 1,0
100 0,5
0 0,0
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
NIS 10% Moisture
Years Years

10. GENERAL EVALUATION
“VAVERSA CASE”
• Bad nutrition program
• Wrong products sprayed for the wrong problems
• They didn’t know what the insects pests
• The sprayers was wrong regulated, also with
wrong nozzles

12. STRATEGIES SET UP
• Established a new nutrition program
- Based on leaf and soil analyses
• Established a insects pest monitoring and control
- Staff training
• Started a pruning program
• Set up a list of on field control papers

13. FOR PEST CONTROL AND LEAF NUTRITION
• Volume sprayed of 1.500 to 2.000 liters per hectare
• Application around 6 times from flower to shell hardening
• Application of micronutrients on raceme setting and nut set
- Zinc, Boron, Calcium, Magnesium and Copper
• Application of aminoacids plus micronutrients

14. AMINOACIDS
• Alanine
Act directly on flower formation
• Arginine
• Leucine
and pollen fertilization
• Isoleucine
• Threonine
• Proline
• Lysine
• Tryptophan

15. INSECTS
• What’s the damage and what’s the insects?
• Which moment they attack?
• How to control?
• Do they promote loss of productivity?
• Do they promote loss of quality?

16. BLACK APHID (Toxoptera citricida)

18. THRIPS

19. GREEN PLANTHOOPER (Empoasca sp.)

23. WHITE BROAD MITE (Polyphagotarsonemus latus)

26. STINK BUGS (Nezara viridula, Loxa sp. and others)

31. LONG-TAILED MEALYBUG (Pseudococcus sp.)

33. NUT BORER (Ecdytolopha aurantiana)

34. SPRAYER

35. 6 th International Macadamia Symposium
LEONARDO MORIYA
Agronomist
leonardo@queennutmacadamia.com.br