1. Krashen’s Input Hypotheses
Just listen… and read

2. Listen and reading
• Provide input to the learner by giving them
loads of things to read and listen. They read
and they listen only
• No need of speaking

3. Listening and Reading
• The controversial theory states that the
student will learn English by just receiving
input (listening and reading).

4. Research
• Comparing students of Krashen’s Input theory
with regular students (audiolingual students)
they knew as much as the second ones, and
even more. Not only knew English, but they
were also able to speak clearly and intelligibly.

5. Reading
• In early stages of learning, reading provides loads
of new vocabulary and therefore, learner´s
vocabulary increases rapidly.
• In following stages, more reading is needed as
the writing normally includes the more
commonly used words, and those are already
known by more proficient students.
• For later stages, conversation is highly more
recommendable than reading in the task of
learning new vocabulary.

6. Total Physical Response (TPR)
• Requires listening comprehension. Input
comes from the orders of the teacher, which
must be acted out in order to show
comprehension.
• Vocabulary is graded and increases its
complexity by going through the course.

7. Input flood
• Learners are exposed to a certain form or
function of the language continuously
(adverbs)
• While the learners are exposed to the true
form of the language, the incorrect form is
ignored.
• Students keep accepting wrong forms of
language because those are not displayed.

8. Enhanced Input
• Consists in to expose the students the same
way it is done in “input flood”, but the specific
function or form to be learnt is whether
underlined, bolded or capitalized in order to
make it noticeable.
• It was compared with other approached and
the results displayed that students were still
not able to use the indicated form as it was in
the read texts.

9. Processing instructions
• Is another approach to comprehension-based
learning
• Students were given with a specific form of
the language working in the
comprehension, taking into account the L1
background. They were compared with
regular students (production)
• Processing instructions students did better.