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Evaluation of Pollution Uptake on Consolidated Limestone Mary F. Striegel NCPTT
Air Pollution Sulfur dioxide Nitrogen dioxide Pesticides Volcanoes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Pollution: An integral part of weathering
Limestone and Marble Limestone Sedimentary rock  Calcium Carbonate fossils Marble Metamorphic rock
Acid Rain and Buildings ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
What are Stone Strengtheners / Consolidants ? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Protection of Calcerous Stones ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Entrapment of moisture Clouding /discoloration Inability to remain attached to carbonate materials
The Ideal stone Strengthener ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Issues to Consider ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Research focus ,[object Object],Trade Name Chemical Family Eponex 1510 Hydrogenated bisphenol A-epichlohydrin based epoxy resin Acryloid B-72 Acrylic copolymer OH 100 Alkoxysilane HCT Hydroxylating Conversion Treatment
Chemical Structures ?
Methods Initial analysis ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Consolidate / Treatment Environmental Chamber ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
(a) Laser Profilometry Methods ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Methods ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],(b) Colorimetry
[object Object],Methods ,[object Object],[object Object]
Methods Extract solution at column start Running column with eluent creating the  separation Testing / separation of ionic species into columns based on the speed by  which they travel through  a liquid eluent ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],(d) Ion Chromatography
Methods (e) Application of Treatments Dipping Spraying Ace polyethylene  sprayer
Methods (f) Environmental Chamber Exposure ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
OH 100 Before Treatment OH 100 After Treatment Roughness of the core (Sk) =20 µm  Roughness of valleys (Svk) =29 µm  Void volume of valleys (vvv)  =0.00612 µm 3 / µm 2 Roughness of the core (Sk) =17.7 µm  Roughness of valleys (Svk) =31 µm  Void volume of valleys (vvv) =0.0071 µm 3 / µm 2 ,[object Object],[object Object],Results
HCT spray  Before HCT spray  After Roughness of the core (Sk) =22 µm  Roughness of valleys (Svk) =27.1 µm  Void volume of valleys (vvv) Vvv =0.00998 Roughness of the core (Sk) =18.3 µm  Roughness of valleys (Svk) =29.2 µm  Void volume of valleys (vvv) =0.00636 µm 3 / µm 2 Results
Results Ion Chromatography Sulfate ions
Results SO 2  Deposition Velocities Deposition velocity = V d  = flux / [SO 2 ] = 1 / r  total = 1 / r a  + r b  + r c ,[object Object],SO2 Stone Water film r a  –aerodynamic resistance r b -boundary layer resistance r c  water + r c  stone (Surface resistance)
Results
Results Treatment Deposition Velocity (cm/s) STDeV HCT DiP 2.45 0.19 OH100 0.01 0.05 Eponex 1510 0.05 0.03 Untreated 0.27 0.06 HCT spray 1.72 0.15 Acryloid B-72 0.04 0.16
Ongoing Research ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Acknowledgements ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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Effects Of Pollution On Treated Limestone Rough Draft

  • 1. Evaluation of Pollution Uptake on Consolidated Limestone Mary F. Striegel NCPTT
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  • 3. Limestone and Marble Limestone Sedimentary rock Calcium Carbonate fossils Marble Metamorphic rock
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  • 16. Methods (e) Application of Treatments Dipping Spraying Ace polyethylene sprayer
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  • 19. HCT spray Before HCT spray After Roughness of the core (Sk) =22 µm Roughness of valleys (Svk) =27.1 µm Void volume of valleys (vvv) Vvv =0.00998 Roughness of the core (Sk) =18.3 µm Roughness of valleys (Svk) =29.2 µm Void volume of valleys (vvv) =0.00636 µm 3 / µm 2 Results
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  • 23. Results Treatment Deposition Velocity (cm/s) STDeV HCT DiP 2.45 0.19 OH100 0.01 0.05 Eponex 1510 0.05 0.03 Untreated 0.27 0.06 HCT spray 1.72 0.15 Acryloid B-72 0.04 0.16
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