Effects Of Pollution On Treated Limestone Rough Draft

Evaluation of Pollution Uptake on Consolidated Limestone Mary F. Striegel NCPTT

Air Pollution Sulfur dioxide Nitrogen dioxide Pesticides Volcanoes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Pollution: An integral part of weathering

Limestone and Marble Limestone Sedimentary rock Calcium Carbonate fossils Marble Metamorphic rock

Acid Rain and Buildings ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

What are Stone Strengtheners / Consolidants ? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Protection of Calcerous Stones ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Entrapment of moisture Clouding /discoloration Inability to remain attached to carbonate materials

The Ideal stone Strengthener ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Issues to Consider ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Research focus ,[object Object],Trade Name Chemical Family Eponex 1510 Hydrogenated bisphenol A-epichlohydrin based epoxy resin Acryloid B-72 Acrylic copolymer OH 100 Alkoxysilane HCT Hydroxylating Conversion Treatment

Methods Initial analysis ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Consolidate / Treatment Environmental Chamber ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

(a) Laser Profilometry Methods ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Methods ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],(b) Colorimetry

[object Object],Methods ,[object Object],[object Object]

Methods Extract solution at column start Running column with eluent creating the separation Testing / separation of ionic species into columns based on the speed by which they travel through a liquid eluent ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],(d) Ion Chromatography

Methods (e) Application of Treatments Dipping Spraying Ace polyethylene sprayer

Methods (f) Environmental Chamber Exposure ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

OH 100 Before Treatment OH 100 After Treatment Roughness of the core (Sk) =20 µm Roughness of valleys (Svk) =29 µm Void volume of valleys (vvv) =0.00612 µm 3 / µm 2 Roughness of the core (Sk) =17.7 µm Roughness of valleys (Svk) =31 µm Void volume of valleys (vvv) =0.0071 µm 3 / µm 2 ,[object Object],[object Object],Results

HCT spray Before HCT spray After Roughness of the core (Sk) =22 µm Roughness of valleys (Svk) =27.1 µm Void volume of valleys (vvv) Vvv =0.00998 Roughness of the core (Sk) =18.3 µm Roughness of valleys (Svk) =29.2 µm Void volume of valleys (vvv) =0.00636 µm 3 / µm 2 Results

Results Ion Chromatography Sulfate ions

Results SO 2 Deposition Velocities Deposition velocity = V d = flux / [SO 2 ] = 1 / r total = 1 / r a + r b + r c ,[object Object],SO2 Stone Water film r a –aerodynamic resistance r b -boundary layer resistance r c water + r c stone (Surface resistance)

Results Treatment Deposition Velocity (cm/s) STDeV HCT DiP 2.45 0.19 OH100 0.01 0.05 Eponex 1510 0.05 0.03 Untreated 0.27 0.06 HCT spray 1.72 0.15 Acryloid B-72 0.04 0.16

Ongoing Research ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Acknowledgements ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Effects Of Pollution On Treated Limestone Rough Draft

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