2. “Any occurrence at an aerodrome involving the incorrect
presence of an aircraft, vehicle, or person on a runway.”
Definition
3. Concentration of aircraft, vehicles, and
runways;
Navigating among these obstacles while
adhering to ATC clearance limits.
Challenges on the Ground
4.
5.
6. ● The flight crewmembers’ failure to use available cues and aids
to identify the airplane’s location;
● Failure [of the crew] to cross-check and verify that the airplane
was on the correct runway before takeoff;
● Flight crew’s nonpertinent conversation during taxi, which
resulted in a loss of positional awareness.
Comair flight 5191
27 August 2006
7. How to prevent runway incursions:
● Understand Airport Markings and Signs;
● Have an airport diagram;
● Review NOTAMs and brief taxi accordingly;
● Apply sterile cockpit procedures;
● Maintain SA;
● Positively identify runway;
● If unsure of position or instructions, ask!
11. Runway Holding Position Marking
The most important markings at an
airport!
Can be encountered at 3 locations...
12. 1. On a taxiway
before a runway
2. On a runway
before a runway
(LAHSO)
3. On a taxiway
located in a runway
approach area
13. 1. On a taxiway
before a runway
2. On a runway
before a runway
(LAHSO)
3. On a taxiway
located in a runway
approach area
14. 1. On a taxiway
before a runway
2. On a runway
before a runway
(LAHSO)
3. On a taxiway
located in a runway
approach area
15. 1. On a taxiway
before a runway
Clearance required!
Check runway and approach paths are
clear.
16. 2. On a runway
before a runway
(LAHSO)
Cross without
authorization
...unless:
“Cleared to land
Runway 27R, hold
short of Runway 12”
17. 3. On a taxiway
located in a runway
approach area
Clearance NOT required, unless:
Check approach area is clear.
“Hold short of runway XX approach area”.
19. Movement Area Boundary Markings
Separates non-movement area and movement area
● Dashed line on movement side (under ATC control)
● Solid line on non-movement side
43. 1. Airport lighting and the lights of the
aircraft.
2. Taxiways: blue edge lighting
some have green centerline lights.
3. Stop-bars: Red means stop - just
like a car at traffic lights.
4. The landing light on the aircraft.
Night Operations
44. LAHSO
At designated airports (A/FD);
You can refuse the clearance;
Solo student pilots MUST refuse LAHSO
clearance!;
45. ● Taxi slowly;
● Exercise extreme caution!;
● Stop if in doubt about your position;
● Hold short of ILS critical areas.
Low Visibility Operations
46. Hold Short if LVP in effect.
Ask if in doubt!
Low Visibility Operations
47.
48. Conclusion
Taxi Operations present distinct challenges:
Concentration of aircraft, vehicles and runways and
taxiways;
Navigate among obstacles while adhering to ATC
clearance limits;
Runway/taxiway closures.
49. Conclusion
Have an airport diagram!
Brief!
Know your position!
Write down taxi clearance and read it back to ATC!
Head down activities only when aircraft is stopped
50.
51. This was caused by two B747
aircraft colliding on a runway in fog.
57. “Any occurrence at an aerodrome involving the incorrect
presence of an aircraft, vehicle, or person on the
protected area of a surface designated for the landing
and takeoff of aircraft.”
Definition
58. At controlled airport, clearance
required to cross from the side with
the 2 solid lines.
Runway Holding Position Marking
59. At uncontrolled airport, make sure the
runway is clear before entering.
You will also have paid close attention
to the radio!
Runway Holding Position Marking
60. Land and Hold Short Operations
1. Not compulsory
2. If we accept we must follow
3. Airports that operate this are
listed in the AFD
LAHSO
61. Hot Spots
Areas on the ground at airports that
have a history of runway incursions or
have been identified by the FAA has
having the potential for runway
incursions.
62. Taxiway Holding Position Markings
● Hold short of this line if
instructed to “Hold short of
taxiway X”
● Not present at all airports
63. We do not cross a stop bar that is
switched on - clearance or no
clearance!!!
We must contact ATC and query why
the bar is still switched on.
Stop Bar Lighting