97. The Formation of Clouds A. Define cloud:large group of H2O droplets suspended in air B. Steps involved in cloud formation: warm moist air rises expands cools condenses
98. 1. Describe the mass of air that would lead to cloud formation in terms of temperature, humidity, density Warm Moist Low density
99. 2. The air will risebecause of low density 3. Describe what the air does as it rises: expands cools condenses
100. 4. Clouds will form if this rising moist air a. cools to the dew point temp. b. has condensation nuclei available. (dust, pollutants etc..)
101. C. Basic Cloud Types: 1. Cirrus: high and feathery (fair weather) 2. Cumulus: white and puffy (fair weather) 3. Stratus: covers the sky like a blanket (precipitation probable)
106. D. Effects of aMountain Range: OrographicEffect (adiabatic cooling)
107. Condenses Dry air cools Sinks expands Wind compresses warms Moist air rises mountain
108. 1. The side of the mountain with the moist prevailing winds is called the _____________ Summary: Windward side moist air rises expands cools condenses Wind
109. 2. The air descends to the otherside of the mountain which is called the ______________________ Summary: Leeward side dry air sinks compresses warms Wind
110. D. Precipitation A. Describe what causes precipitation: Precipitation forms around Dust particles (pollutants) droplets combine (coalesce)become heavy and fall
111. B. Explain why precipitation cleans the atmosphere: as precipitation forms around dust/pollutants…they are removed from theatmosphere as precipitation falls
112. When the dew point temperature and air temperature approach each other what happens to the chance of precipitation and why? The chance of precipitation increases because the air is more saturated
113. E. Complete the chart below: Warm moist Rise Expand Decrease Decrease Cool Sink Compress Increase Increase
115. Dew Point Temperature The temperature at which the air is holding the ____________ amount of water. The air is _____________ Maximum saturated
116. Relative Humidity: The ratio of the amount of water vapor in the air, to the maximum amount it can hold. It is usually expressed as a __________. As the temperature increases, the maximum absolute humidity _____________ but the relative humidity will decrease percentage Stay the same,
117. The dew point and relative humidity are determined by using an instrument called a _______________________ sling psychrometer
118. The psychrometer has two thermometers, a dry bulb and a wet bulb. The psychrometer is whirled in the air so that evaporation will occur.
119. The lower the moisture content of the air, the ________ evaporation will occur from the wet bulb and the wet bulb temperature will be _________ more lowered
120. Use your ESRT to fill in the chart…The answer the questions
121. Do Now: Read the “Structure of the atmosphere notes” and answer questions 1 through 6 using your reference tables.
122. Construct a Station Model Using the following Weather Data: Cloud cover: 50 % Air temp = 20°C Air pressure = 996 mb Dew point temperature = 18 °C Wind speed 25 knots Wind direction SW
123. Synoptic Weather Maps Atmospheric variables are collected from thousands of weather stations around the world four times each day.
124. 1. Station Model Provides a summary of the current atmospheric conditions in an area.
133. The number to the left of present weather is visibility in miles.
134. The bottom left number represents the dew point in degrees Fahrenheit.
135. The top right number represents the barometric pressure in short hand millibars. 196 = 1019.6 millibars.
136. The middle right number represents the barometric trend. A steady 1.9mb rise in the past 3 hours.
137. Bottom right is the amount of precipitation in the last 6 hoursWeather Station Models 196 28 6 * +1.9/ 27 .25
138. The Barometric Pressure on a Station Map is in code… The number 9 or 10 has been omitted from the front
139. Rule for converting the code into millibars: 1088.7 887= ___________ Because if the first digit is 5 or greater add _________ and place a decimal point before the last digit. A 10 in front
140. Rule for converting the code into millibars: 916.5 2. 165= ___________ Because if the first digit is less than 5 add ________ and place a decimal point before the last digit. a 9 in front
141. Change the following to abbreviated form: 956.4:______________ 1014.3: _____________ 564 143
143. Construct a Station Model Using the following Weather Data: Cloud cover: 50 % Air temp = 20°C = Air pressure = 996 mb Dew point temperature = 18 °C Wind speed 25 knots Wind direction SW 68°F 68
144. Construct a Station Model Using the following Weather Data: Cloud cover: 50 % Air temp = 20°C Air pressure = 996 mb = Dew point temperature = 18 °C Wind speed 25 knots Wind direction SW 0 996 68 960
145.
146. Construct a Station Model Using the following Weather Data: Cloud cover: 50 % Air temp = 20°C Air pressure = 996 mb Dew point temperature = 18 °C =64 °F Wind direction SW Wind speed 25 knots 960 68
147.
148. Construct a Station Model Using the following Weather Data: Cloud cover: 50 % Air temp = 20°C Air pressure = 996 mb Dew point temperature = 18 °C =64 Wind direction SW Wind speed 25 knots 960 68 64
149. Construct a Station Model Using the following Weather Data: Cloud cover: 50 % Air temp = 20°C Air pressure = 996 mb Dew point temperature = 18 °C Wind direction SW Wind speed 25 knots 960 68 64
150.
151. Construct a Station Model Using the following Weather Data: Cloud cover: 50 % Air temp = 20°C Air pressure = 996 mb Dew point temperature = 18 °C Wind direction SW Wind speed 25 knots 960 68 64
152.
153. Construct a Station Model Using the following Weather Data: Cloud cover: 50 % Air temp = 20°C Air pressure = 996 mb Dew point temperature = 18 °C Wind direction SW Wind speed 25 knots Add sleet 960 68 64
154.
155. Construct a Station Model Using the following Weather Data: Cloud cover: 50 % Air temp = 20°C Air pressure = 996 mb Dew point temperature = 18 °C Wind direction SW Wind speed 25 knots Add sleet 960 68 64
156. Construct a Station Model Using the following Weather Data: Cloud cover: 50 % Air temp = 20°C Air pressure = 996 mb Dew point temperature = 18 °C Wind direction SW Wind speed 25 knots Add Rain a steady 1.9mb rise in the past 3 hours 960 68 +1.9/ 64
157. Construct a Station Model Using the following Weather Data: 75% clouds winds from the N.W. wind speed 35 knots air temperature 28F, dew point temp. 20F visibility 5 miles barometric pressure 1032.5 barometric trend 1.1 falling steadily present weather is snow 325 28 5 * -1.1br />20
170. Each type of energy differs in its __________ wavelength 10-10 10-8 10-6 10-4 10-2 10 0 10 2 10 4 gamma X ray Microwaves Ultra violet Infrared Radio waves Increasingwavelength Decreasingwavelength visible Violet Blue Green Yellow Orange Red
171. 10-10 10-8 10-6 10-4 10-2 10 0 10 2 10 4 gamma X ray Microwaves Ultra violet Infrared Radio waves Increasingwavelength Decreasingwavelength visible Violet Blue Green Yellow Orange Red
172. ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM: REFERENCE TABLE PAGE 14 10-10 10-8 10-6 10-4 10-2 10 0 10 2 10 4 gamma X ray Microwaves Ultra violet Infrared Radio waves Increasingwavelength Decreasingwavelength visible Violet Blue Green Yellow Orange Red
174. ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM: REFERENCE TABLE PAGE 14 10-10 10-8 10-6 10-4 10-2 10 0 10 2 10 4 gamma X ray Microwaves Ultra violet Infrared Radio waves Increasingwavelength Decreasingwavelength visible Violet Blue Green Yellow Orange Red
175. SHORT WAVE LENGTHS ARE MOSTLY ABSORBED by THE OZONE IN THE STRATOSPHERE gamma, X-RAYS OZONE
176. ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM: REFERENCE TABLE PAGE 14 10-10 10-8 10-6 10-4 10-2 10 0 10 2 10 4 gamma X ray Microwaves Ultra violet Infrared Radio waves Increasingwavelength Decreasingwavelength visible Violet Blue Green Yellow Orange Red
177. SHORT WAVE LENGTHS ARE MOSTLY ABSORBED by THE OZONE IN THE STRATOSPHERE gamma, x-rays, UV OZONE
178. ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM: REFERENCE TABLE PAGE 14 10-10 10-8 10-6 10-4 10-2 10 0 10 2 10 4 gamma X ray Microwaves Ultra violet Infrared Radio waves Increasingwavelength Decreasingwavelength visible Violet Blue Green Yellow Orange Red
179. OZONE VISIBLE LIGHT : PASSES THROUGH THE ATMOSPHERE WITH THE GREATEST INTENSITY
180.
181. ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM: REFERENCE TABLE PAGE 14 10-10 10-8 10-6 10-4 10-2 10 0 10 2 10 4 gamma X ray Microwaves Ultra violet Infrared Radio waves Increasingwavelength Decreasingwavelength visible Violet Blue Green Yellow Orange Red
182.
183. 10-10 10-8 10-6 10-4 10-2 10 0 10 2 10 4 gamma X ray Microwaves Ultra violet Infrared Radio waves Increasingwavelength Decreasingwavelength visible Violet Blue Green Yellow Orange Red
184. Sun emits all wavelengths (heat) infrared Earth re-radiates
186. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ABSORBTION - UV ABSORBED by OZONE IN STRATOSPHERE INFRARED ABSORBED BY CO2&H2O vapor methane, nitrous oxide REFLECTION SCATTERING REFRACTION TRANSMISSION - BY CLOUDS, ICE, SNOW & WATER - BY AEROSOLS, WATER DROPLETS, ICE CRYSTALS, AIR POLLUTANTS, DUST, POLLEN LIGHT IS BENT AS IT MOVES THROUGH VARIED DENSITIES WHEN ENERGY PASSES THROUGH A MEDIUM
195. A. Air Mass: large amount of air with the same temperature and humidity
196. B. List the characteristics that an air mass picks up from its place of origin: 1. 2. temperature humidity
197. C. Types of Air Masses: Describe the Air Mass Origin Symbol c Over Land Dry - Heavier Continental m Over Water Moist - Lighter Maritime Low Latitudes T Warm - Less Dense Tropical High Latitudes P Cool - More Dense Polar Very High Latitudes A Arctic Cold - Very Dense
198. Name and Description Describe the Air Mass Symbol ContinentalTropical cT Dry and Warm mT Moist and Warm MaritimeTropical Continental Polar cP Dry and Cool Maritime Polar mP Moist and Cool Continental Arctic cA Dry and Very Cold
209. Coriolis (Rotation) right ___________________ effect causesthe winds to deflect to the __________ in theNorthern Hemisphere
210. Right in the Northern Hemisphere Intended Actual due To coriolis (rotation)
211. Left in the Southern Hemisphere Intended Actual due To coriolis (rotation)
212. Left And to the __________ in theSouthernHemisphere
213. two convection cells tobreak into ________convection cells 6
214. Planetary Wind and Moisture Belts in the Troposphere Dry NE Wet 60°N SW Dry 30°N Horse latitudes NE Doldrums Wet 0° SE Dry 30°S Horse latitudes N NW Wet 60°S W E SE Dry S
215.
216. Use your ReferenceTables Page 14 to describe the wind for the following latitudes:1. 42ºN _______2. 23º½N _______3. 23º½ S _______4. 70º N _____ SW NE SE NE
217. 5. Which planetary wind belt is New York State Located? Dry NE SW Wet 60°N SW Dry 30°N NE Wet 0° SE Dry 30°S N NW Wet 60°S W E SE Dry S
218. 6. Complete the following:The Coriolis Effect causes winds to curve to the __________________ in the N. Hemisphere right
219. To Summarize: In high pressure winds blow In low pressure winds blow In or Out In or Out Clockwise or clockwise counterclockwise or counter clockwise L H
220. The arrows show the wind direction: Is this a High or low pressure system? Does it carry moist or dry air? L moist
