2. Cognitive Theory
Activities like thinking and remembering seem like a
behavior
Learner is viewed as an information processor
People are not “programmed animals” that merely
respond to environmental stimuli
People are rational beings that require active
participation in order to learn
3.
4. Allan Paivio (1925-)
Information presented in visual and verbal form enhances
recall and recognition
Dual coding theory: assumes that people process
information in two distinct ways
Processing of images
Processing of language
Dual coding identifies three sub processes
Representational: verbal or nonverbal representations are
directly influenced
Referential: verbal system is activated by nonverbal
communication (or vise-versa)
Associative: both text-based systems and graphic
representations can trigger mental associations
5. Robert Gagne (1916-2002)
The development of skills on a building-block principle
Five major categories of learning: verbal information, intellectual
skills, cognitive strategies, motor skills, and attitudes.
Nine events of instruction:
1. Gain attention of the learners
2. Inform learners of the objectives
3. Stimulate recall of prior learning
4. Present the stimulus or lesson
5. Provide learning guidance and instruction
6. Elicit performance
7. Provide feedback
8. Assess performance
9. Enhance retention and transfer
8. Howard Gardner (1943-)
Theory of multiple intelligences
Intelligence: ability to gain knowledge, apply
knowledge, manipulate one’s environment and think abstractly.
Eight different intelligences:
Linguistic-verbal
Logical-mathematical
Spatial-visual
Body-kinesthetic
Musical
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
Naturalist
Instructional methods should include a variety of activities
10. Benjamin Bloom (1913-1999)
Classified learning into three domains:
cognitive, affective and psychomotor
Cognitive domain: student’s intellectual level
Affective domain: student’s emotions, interests, attitude
and awareness
Psychomotor domain: student’s motor skills and
physical abilities
Bloom’s Taxonomy: levels designed to increase a
student’s comprehension
12. Classroom Implications
Teacher Students
Careful planning of lessons
Paying attention
Variety of internal
(attention, motivation and Recall of prior learning
recall) and external (timing and Can state what has been
place) conditions learned
Instructional methods should Can discriminate between
appeal to different intelligences facts, can identify colors, and
Variety of assessment methods can follow directions
Create instructional plans based All students can learn given
on state standards, learning
the correct conditions
objectives and learning theories
13. How I would apply this theory
Cater lessons plans to students’ different intelligences
Examples:
Hands on activities
Songs
Group work
Posters
Use images and audio together to increase recall
Examples:
Showing an image as a say a new word in Spanish
14. Credits
"Cognitive Theories." Cognitive Theories of Learning. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Nov. 2012.
<http://www.learningandteaching.info/learning/cognitive.htm>.
"Cognitivism." Learning Theories. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Nov. 2012. <http://www.learning-
theories.com/cognitivism.html>.
"Erin R. Gunter's Portfolio." Glossary. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Nov. 2012.
<http://arcmit01.uncw.edu/erg1602/Glossary.html>.
Gunter, Glenda A., and Randolph E. Gunter. "Learning Theories and Educational
Research." Teachers Discovering Computers Integrating Technology in a Connected
World. By Gary B. Shelly. N.p.: n.p., n.d. 261-66. Print.
"I Am the Eternal Student but I Am Not Alone Expand Your Horizons!!!" I Am the Eternal
Studentbut I Am Not Alone. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Nov. 2012.
<http://greeneyezwinkin2.wordpress.com/2012/01/22/dr-howard-gardner-on-multiple-
intelligences/>.
"Nine Events of Instruction (Gagne)." Nine Events of Instruction (Gagne). N.p., n.d.
Web. 18 Nov. 2012. <http://insdsg619-f09.wikispaces.com/Nine Events of Instruction
(Gagne)>.
"Where Grace and Strength Collide." Toseealambatschool: Bloom's Taxonomy. N.p., n.d.
Web. 18 Nov. 2012.
<http://vaganovaagrippina.tumblr.com/post/14221502634/toseealambatschool-blooms-
taxonomy>.