20081206 Biostatistics

實證統計楊宗翰 12/6, 2008

Reporting guidelines ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Contents ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Why statistics? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Type of Data ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Characteristics of Data ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Characteristics of Data ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Describe Data ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Ratio and Risk ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],d c No b a Yes No Yes Exposure Outcome (Disease)

A study with total case = 200 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],60 20 No 40 80 Yes No Yes Smoke Lung Cancer 90 10 No 60 40 Yes No Yes Smoke Lung Cancer

Is the difference significant? ,[object Object],[object Object]

What is p-value? ,[object Object],[object Object]

假設檢定與 p- 值 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Errors ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],d c Reject H0 b a Accept H0 H1 H0 Test Result

Confidence Interval (C.I.) ,[object Object],[object Object]

P vs CI ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Statistical tests ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Statistical tests ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Statistical tests ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

資料分析 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Critical Appraisal ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Impact - precise ,[object Object]

Appraise - Impact ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Treatment effects ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],d c Control b a Exp No Yes Group Outcome

Appraise - Impact CER = Control Event Rate, EER = Experimental Event Rate RRR = Relative Risk Reduction (CER-EER)/CER ARR = Absolute Risk Reduction (CER-EER) NNT/NNH = Number Needed to Treat/Harm (1/ARR) 5000 (1/0.02%) 0.02% (0.04-0.02)% 50% (0.04-0.02)/0.04 0.02% 0.04% B 50 (1/2%) 2% (4-2)% 50% (4-2)/4 2% 4% A NNT 益一需治數 ARR 絕對風險降低 RRR 相對風險降低 EER 實驗組發生率 CER 對照組發生率

Impact – size (loss 13.7%) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Surrogate end points ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

測量方法的特性 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Calculate the effects ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],d c Negative b a Positive No Yes Test Disease

Diagnosis 診斷敏感度 (Sensitivity) 特異度 (Specificity) 陽性預測值 (Positive predictive value) 陰性預測值 (Negative predictive value) 800 200 陰性結果 100 900 陽性結果沒病有病

Diagnosis 診斷盛行率 Prevalence 800 200 檢查陰性結果 100 900 檢查陽性結果沒病有病

Diagnosis 診斷 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Calculation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Systematic Review ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Heterogeneity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Forest Plot (meta analysis) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],    

Funnel Plot - Publication Bias

Summary & Discussion ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

20081206 Biostatistics

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20081206 Biostatistics