4. Finely made
lanterns
were greatly
favored
by European
merchants
5.
6. Britain’s Union Jack
Lin Zexu, Chinese official
Trading Opium for Tea
By the 1830s, British merchant ships were arriving in China loaded with opium to
trade with the Chinese for tea. In 1839, Chinese government official Lin Zexu wrote
a letter to Britain’s Queen Victoria condemning the practice: “We have heard that
in your own country opium is prohibited with the utmost strictness and severity—
this is strong proof that you know full well how hurtful it is . . . . Since . . . you do
not permit it to injure your own country, you ought not to have the injurious drug
transferred to another country.”
7. China
In the 1700s,
China enjoyed a
favorable
balance of
trade.
They had
forbidden all
strangers to
trade with
them, but...
8. The Power of Opium
By 1779, the British East
India Company was
importing opium into
China
Within a generation,
opium addiction in China
became widespread
Mandarin with Opium Pipe
9. The East India
Company’s opium
factory stacking
room
Reminds me of something
This slide gives an impression of the huge volume of opium imported into
China by the British. The East India Company developed a monopoly on
opium cultivation in India, but disengaged itself legally and officially from
the illicit trade with China by using vessels owned by private merchants (the
boats were known as “country ships”) to transfer and sell the opium in
China.
10. In 1839, a Chinese official
China and Britain Clash demanded that the opium
trade in Guangzhou (Canton)
over Opium stop. The British refused, and
war ensued.
In 1839, the
emperor of China
sent a
commissioner to
Canton to put an
end to the opium
trade. The British
ignored this
demand, and the
Chinese
government
responded by
having the
commissioner
destroy 20,291
chests of opium.
Chinese unloading opium from a British ship
11. The Opium War: 1839–1842
Britain, with its powerful navy,
occupied several Chinese ports,
including Hong Kong. British
armies also met with success,
coming within miles of Peking,
the Chinese capital. In 1842, the
Chinese conceded and Britain
forced them to sign a treaty.
The British navy attacks
12. The Opium War
During the late 1700s, British merchants began making huge profits by trading
opium grown in India for Chinese tea, which was popular in Britain. Soon, many
Chinese had become addicted to the drug. Silver flowed out of China in payment
for the drug, disrupting the economy.
The Chinese government outlawed opium and executed Chinese drug dealers. They
called on Britain to stop the trade. The British refused, insisting on the right of free
trade.
In 1839, Chinese warships clashed with British merchants, triggering the Opium
War. British gunboats, equipped with the latest in firepower, bombarded Chinese
coastal and river ports. With outdated weapons and fighting methods, the Chinese
were easily defeated.
13. Britain gained
•Control of Hong
The Treaty of
Kong Nanjing
•The right to trade
in five major cities
•Extraterritoriality
•The legalization of
opium in China
•The treaty forced
China to accept some
major concessions
and further opened
the country to
European trade.
•It was an Unequal
Treaty
On 1 July 1997 , Hong Kong was
transferred from the UK to the PRC, officially The signing of the Treaty of Nanjing
ending 156 years of British colonial rule. aboard the British ship Cornwallis
14. Unequal Treaties
In 1842, Britain made China accept the
Treaty of Nanjing Britain received a
huge indemnity, or payment for losses
in the war. The British also gained the
island of Hong Kong. China had to open
five ports to foreign trade and grant
British citizens in
China extraterritoriality, the right to
live under their own laws and be tried
in their own courts.
The treaty was the first of a series of
“unequal treaties” that forced China to
make concessions to Western powers.
A second war, lasting from 1856 to
1858, ended with France, Russia, and
the United States pressuring China to
sign treaties stipulating the opening of
more ports to foreign trade and letting
Christian missionaries preach in China.
17. Who do the 5 characters at the
table represent?
What is China’s reaction to
their dinner plans?
18. The Open Door Policy
Turmoil in China
“Spheres of
influence” and
“Open Door” policy--
formulated by U.S.
Secretary of State
John Hay.
No nations formally
accepted Hay’s
proposal, but they
didn’t counter the
Open Door
policy’s provisions
either.
U.S. Secretary of State John Hay
19. Internal Problems
By the 1800s, the Qing dynasty was in decline.
Irrigation systems and canals were poorly maintained, leading
to massive flooding of the Huang He valley.
The population explosion that had begun a century earlier
created a terrible hardship for China’s peasants.
An extravagant court, tax evasion by the rich, and widespread
official corruption added to the peasants’ burden.
The civil service system was rocked by bribery scandals.
Between 1850 and 1864, peasants took part in the Taiping
Rebellion, the most devastating revolt in history.
22. China Faces the West
– During the 1500s, Chinese civilization had been highly advanced
and had little interest in European goods
– China's political, economic, and military position weakened under
the Qing dynasty who ruled from 1644-1912
– The Unequal Treaties
• In early 1800s, British merchants found a way to break China's trade
barriers and earned huge profits. In exchange of tea, silk, and
porcelain, the merchants smuggled a drug called opium, which they
obtained from India and Turkey, into China.
• In 1839 Chinese troops tried to stop the smuggling and war broke out
and was fought for three years.
• In 1842 British won the Opium War, which led to the Treaty of
Nanking which forced China to yield many of its rights to western
powers and Hong Kong was given to Great Britain.
• Over the next 60 years the unequal treaties increased foreign
influence in China and weakened the Qing dynasty. Civil war, such as
the Taiping rebellion(1850-1864), also eroded the dynasty's power,
and in 1890s, European powers as well as Japan claimed large
sections as
• Spheres of Influence -areas where they had exclusive trading rights
23. The Trade Issue
Prior to the 1800s, Chinese rulers placed strict limits on foreign
traders.
China enjoyed a trade surplus, exporting more than it
imported.
Westerners had a trade deficit with China, buying more from
the Chinese than they sold to them. **** We do so now, too!
In 1842, Britain made China accept the Treaty of Nanjing, the first
in a series of “unequal treaties” that forced China to make
concessions to western powers.
China paid a huge indemnity to Britain. Reparations now
The British gained the island of Hong Kong.
China had to open five ports to foreign trade and grant British
citizens in China extraterritoriality. Rights as if they were exempt
from local law; like diplomatic immunity.
24. During late 1800s reformers began the "self-
strengthening" movement involved Chinese
importing both Western technology and
educational methods. It also improve Responses
agriculture, strengthen the armed forces, and
ended the European practice of
extraterritoriality
Chinese weakness was furthered by
modernizing Japan that ended in China's
defeat and loss of territory. (Sino-Japanese
War) Japan gained the island of Taiwan and
the Liaodong Peninsula as well as trading
benefits in Chinese territory, and also Korea.
Reformers gained influence from Emperor Guang Xu and launched the
Hundred Days of Reform to modernize the government and encouraged
new industries. However his mother, Ci Xi, returned to power, arrested her
son, and halted the reform.
25. Reform Efforts
In the 1860s, reformers launched the “self-strengthening
movement” in an effort to westernize and modernize China.
The movement made limited progress because the government did
not rally behind it.
After China was defeated in the Sino-Japanese War, Emperor Guang
Xu launched the Hundred Days of Reform.
Conservatives soon rallied against the reform effort and the
emperor was imprisoned.
26. Ci Xi struggled to hold power. She agreed to give in to
The
some of her people's demands for change. She
established school and reorganized the government.
Even in these efforts people began to believe in the
modern republic.
Revolutionaries wanted China to regain its former power
Revolution
and influence. On of them, a doctor named Sun Yat-
sen (Sun Yixian) and others formed the United League. of 1911
Their goal was to modernize China on the basis of the
"Three Principles of the People“:
Nationalism: freedom from Foreign control
Democracy: representative government
Livelihood: economic well-being for all Chinese
control
The revolutionary cause was strengthened in 1908 when
Ci Xi died, and two-year-old Prince Pu Yi became
emperor. The Last Emperor
Revolution swept China as peasants, soldiers, workers,
and court officials turned against the weak dynasty
and on January 1912, Sun Yat-sen became the first
president of the new Chinese republic.
27. Fall of the Qing Dynasty
As the century ended, anger grew against foreigners in China.
In the Boxer Rebellion, angry Chinese attacked foreigners across China.
In response, western powers and Japan crushed the Boxers.
Defeat at the hands of foreigners led China to embark on a rush of
reforms.
Chinese nationalists called for a constitutional monarchy or a republic.
When Empress Ci Xi died in 1908, China slipped into chaos.
In 1911, the Qing dynasty was toppled.
Sun Yixian (Yatsen) was named president of the new Chinese republic.
Sun wanted to rebuild China on “Three Principles of the People”:
nationalism, democracy, and economic security for all Chinese.
28.
29. In response to the European presence
in China, nationalist groups emerged
and organized in the hopes of removing
The Boxer
foreign influence from the country. Rebellion, 1899
One group named the “Harmonious
Fists” (called the “Boxers” by
Europeans) attacked foreign
missionaries, Chinese Christians, and
government officials whom they held
responsible for allowing Europeans to
dominate China. In mid-1900, close to
150,000 Boxers occupied Beijing.
An international force composed of
European, American, and Japanese
soldiers occupied Beijing and defeated American, Japanese, and
the Boxers. British troops storming Beijing
30. The Boxer Rebellion
Suffering from the effects of
floods and famine, poverty,
and foreign aggression,
Boxers (below) participated
in an anti-foreign
movement. In 1900, some
140,000 Boxers attempted
to drive Westerners out of
China. An international
force eventually put down
the uprising.
Why were Westerners and
Western influences a source
of discontent for the Boxers?
31. The Boxer Protocol
• China was forced
to sign the Boxer
Protocol
• Required to
pay damages
to Europeans
• Forced to
allow foreign
soldiers to live
in Beijing
Signing of the Boxer Protocol on September 7, 1901.
33. Which of the following is not true of Chinese trade relations with the
West?
a) Before the 1800s, China enjoyed a trade surplus.
b) Before the 1800s, China had a trade deficit with the West
c) In 1842, China was forced to open up five ports to
foreign trade.
d) Before the 1800s, China strictly limited foreign trade.
What happened in the Boxer Rebellion?
a) Angry Chinese attacked foreigners in China.
b) The Chinese started a war with Japan.
c) Western imperialists attacked Chinese peasants.
d) Chinese peasants rose up against the government.
34. Which of the following is not true of Chinese trade relations with the
West?
a) Before the 1800s, China enjoyed a trade surplus.
b) Before the 1800s, China had a trade deficit with the West.
c) In 1842, China was forced to open up five ports to
foreign trade.
d) Before the 1800s, China strictly limited foreign trade.
What happened in the Boxer Rebellion?
a) Angry Chinese attacked foreigners in China.
b) The Chinese started a war with Japan.
c) Western imperialists attacked Chinese peasants.
d) Chinese peasants rose up against the government.
35. Sun Yixian The Qing Dynasty
Sun Yixian (1866–1925) was not born to
power. His parents were poor farmers. Falls
Sun’s preparation for leadership came
from his travels, education, and personal
ambitions. In his teen years, he lived with
his brother in Hawaii and attended British
and American schools. Later on, he
earned a medical degree.
Sun left his career in medicine to struggle
against the Qing government. After a
failed uprising in 1895, he went into exile.
Sun visited many nations, seeking support
against the Qing dynasty. When revolution
erupted in China, Sun was in Denver,
Colorado. He returned to China to begin
his leading role in the new republic.
How did Sun’s background prepare him
Also known as Sun Yat-sen
to lead?
36.
37.
38. The Big 64: Happy Birthday Communist China!
The Big 60:
2013
43. The emperor Meiji wrote a
poem to provide inspiration
for Japan’s efforts to become
a modern country in the late
1800s:
“May our country,
Taking what is good,
and rejecting what is bad,
Be not inferior
To any other.”
44. Cooperation: Japan as a World Power
After its rapid modernization in the late 1800s, Japan took its
place among the leading powers of the world. It asserted that
power throughout the 1900s, with varying results. Today,
Japan’s economy is second in size only to that of the United
States. Conduct research on Japan and write a paragraph
describing its role in international affairs today.
45. The Meiji Restoration
•Tokugawa Shogunate
overthrown by imperial
forces.
•Emperor Mutsuhito
ruled 1867–1912
•Modernization of Japan
was swift.
Japanese Emperor Mutsuhito
46. In 1853, Commodore Matthew Perry of the
The “Opening” of United States sailed to Japan and anchored
in Edo Bay near Tokyo. He had instructions
Japan from U.S. President Millard Fillmore to open
Perry brought many the country to trade with the United States
gifts, but he also
threatened to
bombard the
Japanese if they
refused to trade
with the U.S. The
Japanese conceded,
leading to what
many called the
“opening of Japan.”
On March 31, 1854,
the U.S. and Japan
signed a treaty that
opened two ports
to American ships
and proclaimed
peace and
friendship between
the two countries Japanese admire gifts brought by U.S. Commodore Perry
47. – Japan didn't trade until 1853, when four Modernizing
American warships commanded by Commodore
Matthew C. Perry sailed into the bay at Japan
Edo(present-day Tokyo).He wanted to trade with
Japan and so they signed a treaty with Perry in
1854.
– Meiji Leaders/Meiji Restoration
• First five years after Perry, shogun signed treaties
with Britain, France, Holland, Russia, and the
United States. Unhappiness at the treaties led to
the overthrow of the shogun in 1868. A group of
Samurai gave its allegiance to the new emperor,
Mutsuhito, but kept the real power to
themselves.
• Mutsuhito was known as the Meiji, or
Enlightened emperor, Japan's new rulers were
called Meiji leaders. They strengthened the
military, and worked to transform the nation into
industrial society.
– They established a system of universal
education designed to produce loyal, skilled
citizens who worked for Japan's modernization.
48. Events Leading Up to the Meiji Restoration
By the 1800s, discontent simmered throughout
Japan.
The government responded by trying to revive old
ways.
The United States forced Japan to grant trading rights
and forced unequal treaties on Japan.
Some Japanese strongly criticized the shogun for not taking a strong
stand against the foreigners. Foreign pressure deepened the social and
economic unrest.
Discontented daimyo (landowners) and samurai (warriors) overthrew the
shogun and “restored” the emperor to power. The Meiji restoration, which
lasted from 1868 to 1912, was a major turning point in Japanese history.
49. Reforms Under the Meiji
The Meiji reformers wanted to replace the rigid feudal order with a completely
new political and social system and to build a modern industrial economy.
ECONOMIC SOCIAL
GOVERNMENT CHANGE
REFORMS
Adopted the German model
of government Encouraged Japan’s Ended legal distinctions
Set forth the principle that business class to adopt between classes
all people were equal under western methods
Set up schools and a
the law Built factories and sold university
Established a western-style them to wealthy business
bureaucracy families, known as Hired westerners to teach
Used western technology to zaibatsu the new generation
strengthen the military modern technology
Ended the special privilege
of samurai under bushido
50. Japanese Imperialism
As with western industrial powers, Japan’s
economic needs fed its imperialist desires.
In 1905, Japan defeated Russia in
In 1894,Japan defeated China in
the Russo-Japanese War, gaining
the Sino-Japanese War, gaining
control of Korea as well as rights
treaty ports in China and
in parts of Manchuria. Russia was
control over the island of
humiliated
Taiwan.
In 1910, Japan annexed
Korea, absorbing the
kingdom into the Japanese
empire and ruling it for 35
years.
51. Japan’s Rising Power
• Industrialization –Japan had acquired an efficient
government, a vigorous economy, and a
–In late 1870s Japan began to
strong military.
industrialize in an effort to strengthen
–People of Korea had revolted against
its economy.
Chinese rule in 1894. So Japan decided to
–Japanese government revised tax intervene and defeated the Chinese army
structure to raise money for in the Sino-Japanese war. Although Korea
investment. It also developed a became independent, they were partially
modern currency system, supported owned by Japan.
the building of postal, and telegraph –In 1904 the Japanese navy launched a
networks, railroads. and port facilities. surprise attack on Port Arthur, a Russian
port. This was a major victory, because so
–Beginning in the late 1880s, Japan's
few expected Japan to win the Russo-
economy grew rapidly. Growing Japanese War.
population also provided a continual
–Japan had victory after victory and
supply of cheap labor eventually had Russia sign a treaty in 1905
–By 1914 Japan had become one of that granted control of Korea and other
the world's leading industrial nations, nearby areas. It annexed Korea as a
– hungry for empire and eager to colony in 1910 and continued to expand
its empire for the next 35 years.
use their new military.
52. Why Was Japan Able to Modernize So Rapidly?
Japan was a homogeneous society — that is, it had a common culture
and language that gave it a strong sense of identity.
Economic growth during the Tokugawa times had set Japan on the road to
development.
The Japanese had experience learning from foreign nations, such as China.
The Japanese were determined to resist foreign rule.
得たい E Tai = one people; community;
Everyone dedicated to the same ideals—as in to rebuild after tsunami
53. In the Japanese woodblock print below, Japanese boats go out to meet one of Commodore
Matthew Perry’s ships in Tokyo Bay. In response to Perry’s expedition, the Japanese
statesman Lord li considered Japan’s strategy toward contact with foreign powers:
“There is a saying that when one is besieged in a castle, to raise the drawbridge is to
imprison oneself. . . . Even though the Shogun’s ancestors set up seclusion laws, they left
the Dutch and Chinese to act as a bridge. . . . Might this bridge not now be of advantage to
us in handling foreign affairs, . . . providing us with the means whereby we may for a time
avert the outbreak of hostilities and then, after some time has elapsed, gain a complete
victory?”
54. In the image, a
Japanese
woman wears
Western
clothing.
What role did
westernization
play in helping
both Japan and
Siam avoid
colonization by
European
nations?
55.
56. Japan modernized with amazing speed
during the Meiji period. Its success was
due to a number of causes. Japan had a
strong sense of identity, partly because it
had a homogeneous society—that is, its
people shared a common culture and
language. Economic growth during
Tokugawa times had set Japan on the road
to development. Japan also had
experience in learning and adapting ideas
from foreign nations, such as China.
The powerful
banking and
industrial families
were known
as zaibatsu provide
d capital for
business start-ups.
57. Korea in the Middle
Imperialist rivalries put the spotlight on Korea. Located at a crossroads of East
Asia, the Korean peninsula was a focus of competition among Russia, China, and
Japan. Korea had been a tributary state to China for many years. A tributary state
is a state that is independent but acknowledges the supremacy of a stronger
state. Although influenced by China, Korea had its own traditions and
government. Korea had also shut its doors to foreigners. It did, however,
maintain relations with China and sometimes with Japan.
By the 1800s, Korea faced pressure from outsiders. As Chinese power declined,
Russia expanded into East Asia. Then, as Japan industrialized, it too eyed Korea.
In 1876, Japan used its superior power to force Korea to open its ports to
Japanese trade. Faced with similar demands from Western powers, the “Hermit
Kingdom” had to accept unequal treaties.
Japan Rising
In this political cartoon, Japan is
depicted marching over Korea on
its way to Russia.
Why would Russia feel threatened
by Japan’s aggression in Korea?
58. The Japanese in
Korea
In this
illustration,
Japanese
soldiers march
into Seoul,
Korea’s capital
city.
Japan controlled
Korea from 1905
until 1945.
59. There was
no looting,
no breaking in lines.
Everyone was
very polite
and waited
their turn
in an
orderly manner.
This line is for
Kerosene.
得たい
60.
61.
62.
63. Assessment
Wealthy business families in Japan were known as
a) daimyo.
b) shogun.
c) samurai.
d) zaibatsu.
Japan was able to modernize so quickly in part due to being
a) a heterogeneous society. c) a homogeneous society.
b) a military society. d) an isolated society.
Random Japanese terms:
Shogun Daimyo zaibatsu
Samurai bushido seppuku/hari kari
64. Assessment
Wealthy business families in Japan were known as
a) daimyo.
b) shogun.
c) samurai.
d) zaibatsu.
Japan was able to modernize so quickly in part due to being
a) a heterogeneous society. c) a homogeneous society.
b) a military society. d) an isolated society.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69. Currency from a British colony in Malaya
In 1867, Phan Thanh Gian, a Vietnamese
official, faced a dilemma. The French were
threatening to invade. As a patriot, Phan
Thanh Gian wanted to resist. But as a devoted
follower of Confucius, he was obliged “to live
in obedience to reason.” And based on the
power of the French military, he concluded
that the only reasonable course was to
surrender:
“The French have immense warships, filled
with soldiers and armed with huge cannons.
No one can resist them. They go where they
A European woman being
transported in a rickshaw want, the strongest *walls+ fall before them.”
in French Indochina
70.
71. • The East Indies and the Philippines are the two
distinct geographic areas that France, Spain, Great
Britain, United State, and the Netherlands had set
Southeast
•
up colonies in that region.
The Islands of Southeast Asia
Asia
– At the beginning of the 1800s, the Dutch
controlled most of the East Indies and Spain
controlled the Philippines.
– The East Indies, present-day Indonesia, had
many natural resources, including rich soil
where farmers grew indigo, and tea, coffee,
pepper, cinnamon, sugar; miners dug for tin
and copper; loggers cut down ebony, teak,
and other hardwood trees. Dutch Government
used a method of forced labor called the
culture system to gather all these materials.
– Diponegoro, a Native prince from the East
Indian island of Java, started a revolt against
the Dutch in 1825. Though it lasted 10 years, it After the Spanish-American War,
failed, and the Dutch encountered little we had promised to grant the
opposition for the next 80 years. In the early Philippines their independence,
1900s, Dutch won control of the entire but we did not. Aguinaldo led a
archipelago. rebellion against US and was
brutally suppressed.
72. French Indochina
“French
Indochina”
encompassed a
number of self-
governing
regions in
Southeast Asia,
including
modern-day
Vietnam, Laos
and Cambodia
(labeled as
Kampuchea).
73. Colonization of Southeast Asia
By the 1890s, Europeans controlled most of Southeast Asia.
They:
introduced modern technology
expanded commerce and industry
set up new enterprises to mine tin and
harvest rubber
brought in new crops of corn and cassava
built harbors and railroads
These changes benefited Europeans far more
than the people of Southeast Asia.
74. • In early 1880s, there consisted on a mainland region
that included Burma (Myanmar), and Malaya in the
west, Vietnam in the east, and Siam, Cambodia, and
Laos in the Middle. All though the 1800s, Great Britain
Mainland
and France struggled for domination of the area
• The British swept in from India in the 1820s. Over the
Southeast
next 60 years, they took full control of Burma and
neighboring Malaya. Asia
• Slowly, France was conquering Indochina, the region
that includes:
– Present-day Vietnam
– Cambodia
– Laos
• They established complete control in the 1880s.
• European rivalries for control of resources brought
much disturbance to mainland Southeast Asia.
• Western influences changed traditional ways of life.
• Colonial landowners and trading companies forced
local farmers and workers to grow cash crops, mine
coal, and cut teak trees.
75.
76.
77.
78. The Monroe Doctrine
U.S. and Britain opposed Spain’s
plan to regain former colonies
Monroe Doctrine-In 1823, James
Monroe and John Quincy Adams
issued warning to European
powers that an attempt to gain
land in Latin America would be
considered a threat to the United
States.
The British navy helped to enforce
the Doctrine.
The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe
Doctrine: The Western Hemisphere
is Ours! Stay Out! Or else!
79. Senator Albert J. Beveridge
• Oct 6, 1862- April 27, 1927
• Orator, Senator, and historian
• 1898, Gave speech on America’s growing as a
world power
• “Fate has written our policy for us; the trade of
the world must and shall be ours. We will
establish trading-posts throughout the world
as distributing-points for American
products…Great colonies governing
themselves, flying our flag and trading with us,
will grow about our posts of trade.”
80. Writer and political activist
Considered father of modernist poetry
Writings sparked Cuban revolution
against Spain
Died in battle against Spaniards
81. Remember the Maine!
To show support for the Cubans, U.S. President William McKinley sent the battleship
the Maine to Havana, the capital of Cuba.
The ship exploded in a harbor near Havana.
Newspapers blamed Spain for the explosion.
The battle cry “Remember the Maine!” swept across the United States.
1898, Congress declared war on Spain.
The Spanish-American War lasted four months and resulted in an American victory.
It was a “Splendid Little War!”
82. The Spanish-American War 1898
The Spanish-American War of 1898 marked a turning
point in United States foreign policy. Spain ruled Cuba,
Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and other overseas
possessions during the 1890's. In the mid-1890's, Cubans
revolted against their Spanish rulers. Many Americans
demanded that the United States aid the rebels. On Feb.
15, 1898, the United States battleship Maine blew up off
the coast of Havana, Cuba. No one was certain what
caused the explosion, but many Americans blamed the
Spaniards. Demands for action against Spain grew, and
"Remember the Maine" became a nationwide war cry.
On April 25, 1898, at the request of President William
McKinley, Congress declared war on Spain. The United
States quickly defeated Spain, and the Treaty of Paris of
Dec. 10, 1898, officially ended the war. Under the treaty,
the United States received Guam, Puerto Rico, and the
Philippines from Spain. Also in 1898, the United States
annexed Hawaii.
Spanish-American War marked the emergence of the United States as a world
power. This brief conflict between the United States and Spain took place between
April and August 1898, over the issue of the liberation of Cuba. In the course of the
war, the United States won Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippine Islands.
85. Remember
the Maine!
Arriving 25 January, Maine anchored in the center of the port, remained
on vigilant watch, allowed no liberty, and took extra precautions against
sabotage. Shortly after 2140, 15 February, the battleship was torn apart by
a tremendous explosion that shattered the entire forward part of the ship.
Out of 350 officers and men on board that night (4 officers were ashore),
252 were dead or missing. Eight more were to die in Havana hospitals
during the next few days. The survivors of the disaster were taken on
board Ward Line steamer City of Washington and Spanish cruiser Alfonso
XII. The Spanish officials at Havana showed every attention to the
survivors of the disaster and great respect for those killed. The Court of
Inquiry convened in March was unable to obtain evidence associating the
destruction of the battleship with any person or persons. The destruction
of Maine did not cause the U.S. to declare war on Spain, but it served as a
catalyst, accelerating the approach to a diplomatic impasse. In addition,
the sinking and deaths of U.S. sailors rallied American opinion more
strongly behind armed intervention. The United States declared war on
Spain 21 April.
86. Prelude
February 15
to
1898
War
Yellow Journalism—”You provide the pictures,
I’ll supply the war.”
87. Lieutenant Catlin later testified that he
heard the sound like the "crack of a
pistol and (then) the second (was) a
roar that engulfed the ship's entire
forward section."
Indeed the entire forward section of
the Maine had broken almost entirely
in half.
89. • America went to war against Spain to free Cuba from
Spanish domination. But the war provided the United States
an opportunity to seize overseas possessions and begin Facts / Statistics
building an American empire. After ousting Spain from Cuba, Dates: 1898-1901
the United States seized Puerto Rico. And subsequently it
annexed the Philippines, Samoa, Guam, and Wake Island, Troops: 306,760
followed by Hawaii. Deaths: 2,446
• .
A New Navy, A New War
After the Civil War, the United States neglected its navy, which ranked twelfth in the world
by 1880. Although the United States had no overseas colonies to protect, business and
government leaders realized that a strong navy was essential to defend trade and growing
international interests. Beginning in 1881, Congress supported a modernization program
that would make the American navy effective. The new ships would have steel hulls,
steam engines, and large, rifled guns. At first, the ships still used sails as a backup to steam
power. But by the 1890s, the U.S. Navy had converted to all-steel and -steam, and ranked
among the top five navies in the world. Naval strategist Alfred Thayer Mahan stated,
“Americans must now begin to look outward. The growing production of the country
demands it . . . .”
This Means War!
On February 15, 1898, a mysterious explosion sank the battleship USS Maine in Havana
Harbor, triggering a war between the United States and Spain.
The Maine had come to Cuba to protect American citizens while Cuban revolutionaries
were fighting to win independence from Spain. The United States supported their cause,
and after the Maine exploded, demanded that Spain give Cuba freedom. Instead, Spain
declared war, and America quickly followed suit, moving Commodore George Dewey into
position in the Philippines and Commodore Winfield Scott Schley into Santiago Bay.
War fever was fanned by the press, particularly publishers William Randolph Hearst and
Joseph Pulitzer. Although the United States claimed it had no designs on Cuba, many
believed the war would be an opportunity to seize other overseas possessions and begin
building an American empire. Newspapers printed maps to help Americans follow the war.
The United States now entered an era of overseas expansion
90. Admiral George Dewey
•
In 1900 much of America was caught up in what might be termed Dewey Delirium. For the
first time since the Civil War, Americans had set their sights upon a war hero whose
allegiance was to the entire nation, not just the North or South. George Dewey, a
commodore at the time, slipped into Manila Bay in the Philippines on the night of April 30,
1898 and quietly plotted to destroy the once-formidable Spanish Pacific fleet. Just 4 days
earlier, the US had declared war on Spain in response to events in Cuba. Caught unawares,
the Spanish fleet in Manila was destroyed a mere two hours after Dewey issued his
famous order, "You may fire when ready, Gridley." Millions were on hand in New York
harbor to greet Dewey upon his triumphant return to the States. Congress bestowed upon
him the special rank of admiral of the navy. Other honors followed, including the naming of
a chewing gum, Dewey's Chewies, after him. He also enjoyed the dubious distinction of
providing the inspiration for a laxative: The Salt of Salts.
Such adulation prompted Dewey to consider politics. Though he lacked any party affiliation
and had never himself voted, in March 1900 Dewey let it be known that he was making
himself available to the American people as a presidential candidate. "If the American
people want me for this high office, I shall be only too willing to serve them," he declared.
He went on to point out that "since studying this subject I am convinced that the office of
the President is not such a very difficult one to fill..." The Admiral's lack of command of the
issues of the day caused few to take him seriously. One reporter wrote, "A great sailor
should have a better chart in a strange sea." Failing to secure any serious backing for his
presidential bid, Dewey served out his days as the head of the General Board of the Navy
Department.
96. Treaty of Paris 1899
• After heated debate, United States Congress approved the
Treaty of Paris on February 6, 1899, by a two-thirds margin
(57 to 27). The following day, President McKinley signed the
treaty, and the United States officially controlled Spain's
former colonies—Cuba, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the
Philippines. With the Treaty of Paris, the United States
emerged as an imperial power.
• Under the treaty's terms, the U.S. gained possession of Cuba,
Puerto Rico, Guam, and for $20 million, the Philippines. As for
Cuba, the U.S. could neither keep it without reneging on the
Teller Amendment, nor release the island without abandoning
it to the revolutionary aims of the Cuban insurgency.
98. Great White Fleet -
Teddy Roosevelt sent the sixteen
new battleships of the Atlantic Fleet
on a voyage around the world in
1907. These ships were painted
white with added gold detailing.
Postcards were made depicting the
individual ships, their welcoming at
foreign and domestic ports, and
other events the fleet took part in
around the world. Other countries
also published cards of the fleet’s
visit to their ports, most notably in
Japan.
99. This is how we become both Momma and Cop to the World
100. In 1854,Commodore Perry establishes
Open Door policy with the Far East.
In 1900, with the backing of the Great
White Fleet, TR convinces them to agree
to trade deals with relative ease.
TR sends Taft and Alice on a
trade/visit to Japan. The
secret deal was that we would
look the other way if Japan
expanded its sphere of
influence in the East. Bottom
line, we sold out Korea.
The Japanese virtually rape
the country, north and south. Secretary of War William Howard Taft and
Alice Roosevelt (TR’s daughter) on a goodwill
mission to Japan and the Philippines in 1905.
101. Territorial Gains
During late 1800’s and early 1900’s ,U.S. made many territorial
gains.
1867- purchased Alaska from Russia
1898-
annexed Hawaii
Gained the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico in victory in
Spanish-American War.
1917- US purchased the Virgin Islands from Denmark
102. Roosevelt developed plan to obtain
the isthmus. A man, a plan,
American agents encouraged the
people of Panama to rebel against a canal,
Columbia.
The U.S. Navy helped the rebels.
Panama!
The new Republic of Panama signed
the land over to the
United States.
103.
104. U.S. wanted quick access
Isthmus of Panama
across the Isthmus of
Panama for trade and
military reasons.
A man, a plan, a canal, Panama
Isthmus of Panama
connects Central and
South America
Separates Atlantic and
Pacific Oceans
Columbia had rights to the
isthmus.
Pres. Theodore Roosevelt
tried to sign treaty with
them to gain the land,
but Columbia refused.
And so….
105. TR cartoon by Berryman
“The news reaches Bogota”
The Panama Canal
One of Roosevelt's proudest accomplishments--and most controversial--was acquiring
U.S. rights to building and operating a canal in Panama. This cartoon shows him
throwing dirt on the Colombian capital. (Cartoon by W. A. Rogers)
106. Panama Canal
The Construction of the Panama
Canal lasted 10 year between
1904- 1914.
Involved more than 40,000 workers.
Many died of malaria and yellow
fever. A sanitation program
contained the mosquitoes.
The canal was hailed as one of the
greatest engineering feats .
It was an engineering marvel;
it was built on time,
and it came in under budget.
107.
108.
109. Walter Reed
Walter Reed, an American medical doctor had received his medical degree by the time he was 18
years old. He joined the Army and became a captain. For 16 years he had served in an outpost that
was far away from other doctors. He wanted to be able to study and learn more about medicine, so he
asked for a four month leave. He learned so well that they allowed him to study for seven months at
Johns Hopkins Hospital.
He continued to study and do experiments at the Army outpost. He and some other doctors studied
typhoid fever * and discovered that it was carried by flies.
Yellow fever * was a dreaded disease. 90,000 people in the United States had died of the disease.
Many American soldiers in Cuba had died also. Reed noticed that people who cared for the patients
with yellow fever didn't usually get the disease. So he concluded that people didn't catch it from each
other.
Reed began looking for answers. He remembered the research they had done on typhoid fever. He
wondered if maybe mosquitoes might be spreading it. Some of the doctors and soldiers volunteered
to take part in the experiment.
The mosquitoes were put in test tubes. First they bit the arms of men who already had yellow fever.
Then they were allowed to bite the arms of people who didn't have the disease. After many tests,
they decided that the mosquito did carry the disease from one person to another.
The next step was to get rid of the mosquitoes. They sprayed the areas of water where the
mosquitoes were hatching, with chemicals. This stopped the spread of the disease.
110. The Influence of the United States
4
In 1823, the United States issued the Monroe Doctrine, which stated that the
American continents were no longer open to colonization by any European
powers.
In 1904, the United States issued the Roosevelt
Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. Under this
policy, the United States claimed
“international police power” in the
Western Hemisphere.
In the next decade, the United States frequently intervened
militarily in Latin American nations to protect American lives and
investments.
In 1903, the United States backed the Panamanians
in a revolt against Colombia in order to gain land to
build the Panama Canal.
“A man, a plan, a canal, Panama”
To people in Latin America, the canal was an
example of “Yankee Imperialism.”
111.
112.
113. Benito Juárez is
the central figure
of this detail from
Mexican artist
Diego Rivera’s
mural Sunday
Afternoon in
Alameda Park.
Sugar cane, a
Latin American cash crop
114.
115. Mexican President Remember the Alamo!
Antonio López de
Santa Anna
(above) is well-
known for his
ruthless decision
to give no quarter
to the Texan
defenders of the
Alamo, a fort in
San Antonio, Texas,
during the Texas
Revolution.
The illustration shows Texan
defenders of the Alamo bravely
fighting against overwhelming
odds.
In what light does this
illustration present the
defenders of the Alamo?
116.
117. Uncle Sam Takes
Off
This cartoon represents
the entry of the United
States into competition
with European powers
over new territory in the
Eastern Hemisphere in
the early 1900s.
Uncle Sam represents
the United States.
The horse wears a
saddle that reads
“Monroe Doctrine.”
European powers watch
in frustration.
What do the wheels on
Uncle Sam’s bicycle
represent?
Why are the European
powers shouting at
Uncle Sam?
118.
119. Latin American Concerns
The canal gave the U.S. great
access to Latin America.
The Roosevelt Corollary was
added to the Monroe
Doctrine.
This said U.S. would intervene
to make Latin American
countries honor foreign
debts
Many Latin Americans looked
at the United State’s
interventions as steps to
turn Latin American
countries into colonies.
121. Revolution
Many Mexicans unhappy
with dictator-like rule of
General Antonio Lopez
de Santa Anna
1835- Mexicans and
Americans in Texas
revolt
1845- Texas becomes a state
of the United States
This sparks Mexican War
which United States wins
U.S. gains much Mexican
land through the Treaty
of Guadalupe Hidalgo
122. La Reforma and French Conflict
La Reforma was a Mexican period of change
Benito Juarez was elected president in 1855
He reduced power of the military, separated the
church and state, and improved the lot of
impoverished farmers
1863-French troops came to collect money owed to
France
1864-Austrian Archduke Maximilian named emperor
of Mexico
1867-French troops withdrew under American
pressure and Juarez returned to power
Juarez died mysteriously and Porfirio Diaz seized
power, who limited individual rights, but the
economy grew.
123.
124.
125. Mexican Revolution
• 1910-1920: many Mexicans fought authorities, and
many immigrated to U.S.
• Armies were made up of farmers, workers, ranchers,
and soldaderas (women soldiers)
126. Power Struggles
• Revolution started in 1910 when
Francisco Madero overthrew
Diaz in 1910
• Madero killed by one of his
followers, Victoriano Huerta
• Huerta overthrown by Mexican
revolts
• Three revolutionary leaders
emerged:
• Emiliano Zapata,
• Francisco “Pancho” Villa, and
• Venustiano Carranza
127.
128. Where’s Pancho?
Villa was unhappy with the result, crosses the border of New
Mexico, and kills 18 Americans.
Pres. Woodrow Wilson sent American troops to Mexico to
capture Villa.
The troops were withdrawn because of the start of World War I
in 1917
129. Villa looked for the recognition of the United States, for his
government, and as he did not obtain it, he visited the border
population of Columbus, where he takes weapons. North
American General Pershing entered Mexican territory,
persecuting it, without never reaching it. Carranza was killed in a
revolt in 1917-1920.
U.S. President Woodrow Wilson responded by sending 12,000
troops, under Gen. John J. Pershing into Mexico on March 15 to
pursue Villa. In the U.S., this was known as the Pancho Villa
Expedition During the search, the United States launched its first
air combat mission when eight airplanes lifted off on March 19.
The expedition to capture Villa was called off as a failure on
General January 28, 1917.
Pancho Modern historians debate whether Villa was involved with the
Germans and how much aid and information passed through
Villa them. Some contend that the Germans encouraged Villa's actions
against U.S. interests and incursions into Texas and New Mexico
in order to create instability on the southern border of a power
Quote: they definitely did not want interfering in World War I. Other
"Don't let it actions by the Germans such as the Zimmermann Telegram
end like this. correspond with Germany's wish to destabilize the United States.
Tell them I The extent of Villa's role as an abettor of German interests and
said receiver of German aid is still very much in question, but the idea
something." would not seem to be in contradiction with his opportunistic
(Last words.) tendencies.
130. Protecting U.S. Interests
• In the late 1800s and early 1900s the United States
policy in Latin America was based on protecting U.S.
interests and keeping European countries out of the
area. The United States used military occupation and
other tactics to ensure dominance in this region.
• In 1916 and 1917, General “Black Jack” Pershing led
an unsuccessful expedition with over 10,000 men
into Mexico to capture Pancho Villa. In other
incidents, the U.S. bombarded or occupied Latin
American locations.
131. J. J. Pershing
“Black Jack” Pershing had spent
years looking for Pancho
Villa with his Buffalo
soldiers, but he gets to be
the leader of the AEF—
American Expeditionary
Forces—our army in Europe
during WWI.
He is the Supreme Commander
for all of our forces—highest
honor and only Washington
held this rank before him.
132. And the Winner is…..
Zapata used battle cry, “Tierra y Liberdad” meaning “Land and Liberty”
He fought for the impoverished farmers.
Villa proposed radical reforms.
Carranza was more conservative and in
1915- with the help of American support,
Carranza became president.
133.
134. Carranza’s Rule
• Carranza reluctantly introduced a liberal
constitution
• He was slow in carrying out reforms
• Force was used to fight opposition
• 1920- Carranza was killed in a revolt
• Revolt brought Alvaro Obregon to
power
• Tensions cooled between Mexico and
the United States until…
135. The Zimmerman Telegram
• The German
ambassador
Zimmerman telegraphs
the Mexican
ambassador with a
proposition. The British
intercept it and decode
it for US.
• The Kaiser is offering
Mexico choice parts of
the US (CA, TX, NM) if
they attack US and keep
US off balance during
The Great War.
• This angers US so much
that we will join the
Allies against Germany.
