The document provides an overview of Canada's immigration policy history from early settlement to present day. Key points include: early policies focused on attracting European immigrants to populate the country; the Chinese Head Tax and other exclusionary laws of the late 19th/early 20th century; a shift in the 1950s-60s to a non-discriminatory points-based system; and more recent policies around refugees and security post-9/11 that have faced criticism for being too restrictive. The history shows a progression from openly racist policies to a more multicultural approach, but ongoing challenges around refugee rights, family reunification, and anti-immigrant sentiment.
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D12 History Of Canadas Immigration Policy_Francisco Rico-Martinez
1. Overview of the
History of
Canada’s
Immigration Policy
Researched by Janet Dench (CCR) and Ana
Rico (FCJ Refugee Centre)
07/06/09 1
2. People have been coming to Canada
for many years ………….
07/06/09 2
3. Canada’s immigration policies (or
lack thereof) have always had
significant impacts on the people
who were allowed to come
Early ‘policy’ was
very simple…..
07/06/09 3
4. 1896 - 1905
“I think that a
stalwart peasant
in a sheepskin
coat, born to the
soil, with a stout
wife and a half
dozen children,
is good quality”
Clifford Sifton, Ministry
of Interior
07/06/09 4
5. 1901 census
Population 5,371,315
96% of European
origin
13% population were In 1901 the
immigrants
55% foreign-born were
Chinese Head
citizens tax doubled
4% Chinese were from the 1885
citizens
43% immigrants level of $50 to
female $100.
41% pop of British
origin
31% French
22,050 Chinese
17, 347 Blacks
07/06/09
16,131 Jews 5
7. This Act Handicap
Becoming an
Expanded the list of inmate of a
‘prohibited prison or
immigrants’ hospital
Allowed deportation
Infirmity
of immigrants within Committing
crimes of
2 (then 3 then 5) ‘moral
years of landing for turpitude’
….
Becoming a public Deportations
charge increased
Insanity
Disease dramatically!!
07/06/09 7
8. Arrival of Sikhs in BC in 1906-07
resulted in an “anti-Asiatic”
parade which ended in a riot
State the purpose of the discussion
Identify yourself
07/06/09 8
9. 1908 - 1910
Chinese Immigration Act amended to
increase those under the head tax and
expand list of prohibited persons
Border inspection service created at US-
Canada border
Continuous journey rule imposed
New Act allowed Canada to prohibit
immigrants belonging to any race deemed
unsuitable and expanded deportation
grounds to include immorality and political
offences;
New Act introduced concept of ‘domicile’
07/06/09 First Caribbean Domestic Scheme 9
10. CENSUS 1911:
Population 7,206,643
97% population of European origin
22% population immigrants
47% of these naturalized (9% Chinese,
22% Japanese)
39% of immigrants were women
Population: 54% British origin
29% French origin
75,681 Jews
27,774 Chinese, 9,021 Japanese
3,342 ‘Hindus”
07/06/09 10
12. Special Measures….
War Measures Wartime
Act ..
Increased govt’s Elections Act
power to arrest, (1917)
detain and deport
‘Enemy aliens’ forced
Disenfranchised
to register all persons from
themselves and ‘enemy alien’
subjected to many
restrictions countries who
8,000 – 9,000 had been
‘enemy aliens’ naturalized since
interned..
1902
…..released in
07/06/09
response to labour 12
shortages…..
14. And for the women……
Women's division created in 1919
within Immigration Dept to ‘care’ for
single women immigrants
1919 .. Immigration Act amended to
add new grounds for denying entry
and deportation – alcoholism,
illiteracy.
Classes of immigrants could be
denied entry because of unsuitability,
peculiar habits, modes of life or
holding property
British-born subject to deportation on
political grounds (Winnipeg general
07/06/09
strike) 14
15. 1921 Census
Population 8,787,949
97.5% European origin
22% immigrants
44% immigrants female
58% of foreign-born
naturalized citizens
55% pop British origins
33% French origins
126,196 Hebrews
39,347 Chinese
23,342 Japanese
18, 291 ‘Negroes’
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16. Chinese Immigrants
Under Attack
Several
restrictive
laws come
into effect
07/06/09 16
17. 1920’s…Attacks on Chinese
Immigrants….
Opium and Narcotic Drug
Act led to deportations: 35% Doors opened to
of all the deportations in British citizens,
’23-’24 in Pacific Division Americans and
1923 Order issued
citizens of
excluding ‘any immigrant of ‘preferred
any Asiatic race’ – except countries’.
agriculturalists, farm
Limitations placed
labourers, female domestic
servants and wife and on immigrants
children of persons legally from Austria,
in Canada Hungary, Poland,
Chinese Immigration Act – etc….
more prohibitions..
07/06/09 17
Humiliation Day
18. Overt Targeting Of Identified
Populations Characterized this
period. …
1930… Order further prohibited the landing
of ‘any immigrant of any Asiatic race’ except
wives and minor children of Cdn citizens
Order requiring Chinese and Japanese to
renounce their former citizenship before
becoming citizens; impact on Japanese.
Deportations on grounds of becoming public
charge increased – from 1930 to ’34 the
deportations on this ground increased 6x.
07/06/09 18
19. A time of terror….
Communist party made
illegal – grounds for
deportation (’31)
Deportation of
unemployed
’31 political
deportations legalized
’32 Red Raid
In ’34 94% of
applications for
naturalization refused
07/06/09
Political deportations 19
20. Faith communities join with others
To advocate for Jewish
refugees (’38)
Opposed by many anti-
Semitic groups
Cdn National Cttee on
Refugees and Victims
of Persecution formed
Cttee focused on
individual cases, as
unsuccessful in
affecting policy
07/06/09 20
21. Reluctant moves on refugee
issues…..
’38 Canada reluctantly participated in Evian
Conference on refugees with ‘NO’ mandate. Canada’s
immigration department was anti-Semitic (“None is too
many”)
Canada takes some German refugees, but insists on
higher payment from Britain
In response to ’38 refugee crisis, Canada insisted it
would accept only those who met categories for
admissible immigrants
2,500 “potentially dangerous enemy aliens” brought to
Canada from Britain) and interned (in fact many were
07/06/09 Jews) 21
22. Population 11,506,6755
Census ‘41
98% pop of European
origin
18% immigrants
45% of these female
71% of immigrants
naturalized
50% population of British
origin
30% French origin
170,241 Jews
34,627 Chinese
22,174 Africans
07/06/09 22
23. The End of WW II – Some Change
Gov’t resistance to
pressure for a more
open immigration
policy began to give
way in the mid ’40;s
with:
Sponsorships
Identity documents
Citizenship Act
Emergency
measures for
refugees (economic
considerations)
07/06/09 23
24. However… the ’52
Immigration Act still …
Gave the Minister and officials
significant powers over selection,
admission and deportation.
Allowed refusal on grounds of
nationality, ethnic group, area of
origin, peculiar customs,
unsuitability re: climate, rate of
assimilation, sexual orientation,
etc.
07/06/09 24
25. Gov’t allowed 4
groups to select and
process immigrants
in ’53
Oops! Conflict
arose because the
groups (churches)
selected the people
most in need!!
’54 Bar Assn
criticized the
arbitrary exercise of
power by
immigration officials
and called for a
quasi-judiciary
Immigration Appeals
Board
07/06/09 25
26. ’61 Census followed restriction of
admission of family members (temporary)
& ’60 Bill of Rights ….
Population 18,238,247
96.8% population European
15% immigrants
63% of these were citizens
44% population of British origin
30% French origin
07/06/09 26
27. ’60’s Brought Significant
Changes …..
’62 – removal of much racial
discrimination with new immigration
regulations;
Assisted loan program extended to
Caribbean
’66 White paper promoting a balance
btwn economic interest and family
relationship
’67 – Points system
1969 Canada finally signs Refugee
Convention & Protocol
07/06/09 27
28. ’71 Multiculturalism
Opening the doors…. policy announced
Many immigrants
and refugees from
new source
countries
’74 – Creation of
ISAP program
’78 New
Immigration Act
which identified 4
categories
Refugee
sponsorship
program
07/06/09 28
29. 1981 Census
Population 24,083,500
86% had single European origin
16% immigrants
47% of these female
69% immigrants were citizens
40% population British origin
27% French
Greater variety in countries of origin
of immigrants
07/06/09 29
30. The ’86 Administrative Review …
MADE MANY PEOPLE HAPPY
THE 1986
‘ADMIN
REVIEW’
07/06/09 30
31. Bill C-55
completely revised the refugee
determination system creating IRB
Proposed two stage process with
exception for refugees passing a safe third
country which received opposition from
refugee advocates
Eventually came into effect in 1989
07/06/09 31
32. ’91 Census….. (domestic worker program, special
measures for Salvadorans, CSIS, Singh, ’86 administrative review to
clear up backlog, creation of IRB for oral hearings)
Population 26,994,045
66% single European origin
16% population were immigrants
81% of these were citizens
51% immigrants female
07/06/09 32
33. 1990s Overview
1990: East European Self-Exiled Class
eliminated with fall of iron curtain
1993:Bill C-86 proposed restrictive
revisions to the refugee determination
system
1995: Right of Landing Fee modern
version of the head tax
Bill C-44 restricted right to appeal for
permanent residents
1999: in July 123 Chinese arrived off the
West Coast- the first of 4 such boats that
07/06/09 summer 33
34. Canada Post 9/11
IRPA:
Enacted in June 2002 made it harder for Refugees and
Immigrants entering Canada. The new act allowed for mandatory
detention, security certificates stripping immigrants and residents
of their rights and even deportation to torture.
Safe Third Country Agreement:
Enacted December 2004 made most claims at the U.S Canada
Border ineligible by declaring the U.S a safe country.
New Citizenship Bill:
First introduced in 2002 and just recently passed through
parliament reduce the Canadian citizenship.
07/06/09 34
35. Which policies and challenges are
affecting today’s refugees and
immigrants?
IRPA and lack of a Refugee Appeal Division
Bill C-36 (Anti-terrorism Act)
War on Terror and Focus on Security (project identity,etc)
Safe Third Country Agreement
Reuniting families
Access to professions and trades
Racism
Obtaining ‘legal’ status
Anti-immigrant/refugee sentiment
07/06/09 35