In 1902, state elementary school children in Britain did not play team games like cricket as part of their physical training program for three key reasons. First, drill was imposed to improve fitness after Britain's poor performance in the Boer War. Drill aimed to provide discipline and train children in techniques like standing at attention and marching. It also allowed large numbers to work in a small space. Second, girls and boys were instructed together in massed drill in the school yard, following the militaristic 1902 Model Course. By the 1950s, the approach to physical education had changed significantly. Lessons emphasized a problem-solving, child-centered approach involving skills, enjoyment, and varied activities like apparatus work and group games.

6. Massed drill in the school yard 1902

13. The 1933 syllabus- playground games.

15. Ovaltine advert for 1933 syllabus.

17. 1950’s apparatus lesson in the playground.