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Ancient host adaptation modulated the actual resistance-breaking ability of the  Rice yellow mottle virus Directeur :  Denis FARGETTE Co-directeur :  Eugénie HEBRARD UMR  RPB Directeur :  Michel NICOLE Équipe   Durabilité des Résistances Nils POULICARD
Kenya 1966 Rice yellow mottle disease ,[object Object],[object Object]
Rice yellow mottle virus ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Fargette et al, 2004 Fargette et al, 2008 S3 S2 S1 S4 S5 S2/S3 S1 S4 S5 ,[object Object],[object Object],5' 3' VPg ORF1 ORF2b ORF2a ORF4
High resistance of rice toward RYMV Khush G.S. 1997 ~500.000 years safe inoculated safe infected Resistant  plants Susceptible  plants ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Albar et al, 2006 E309K   rymv1-2 N-terminal domain   Δ 322-324   rymv1-3 C-terminal domain eIF(iso)4G rymv1-2 rymv1-3
Breakdown of the resistance alleles  rymv1-2   ( O. sativa indica )   rymv1-3   ( O. glaberrima ) Resistance breakdown ( RB ) ,[object Object],VPg eIF(iso)4G Hébrard et al. 2010 Traore et al, unpublished ,[object Object],* X * ,[object Object],* Infected susceptible plant mechanical inoculation Resistant plant SPFEIYGKFR EANSEEYDES LRHGVQYAEY DFSGDTIRAS  S NTWVRE R ER Y H AEERRKSG QPSWADRFGD DSGEDVDIE 52 41 48 5' 3' VPg ORF1 ORF2b ORF2a ORF4 Hébrard et al. 2006 Pinel-Galzi et al, 2007 Traore et al, unpublished
Traore et al, unpublished Pinel-Galzi et al, 2007 Breakdown of the resistance alleles  rymv 1-2  ( O. sativa indica ) S3 S2 S1 S4 S5 S2/S3 S1 S4 S5 rymv 1-2  :  +  / - rymv 1-2  :  +  / - rymv 1-2  :  ++ rymv 1-2  :  ++ O. sativa rymv 1-2 rymv 1-3  :  ++ rymv 1-3  :  +  / - rymv 1-3  :  - - rymv 1-3  :  - - O. glaberrima rymv 1-3 rymv 1-3  ( O. glaberrima )
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Genetic signatures Codon  49  is under strong  diversifying selection dN/dS 1 + 26 + 49 + 62 codon Pinel-Galzi et al 2007 VPg
Pinel-Galzi et al 2007 Genetic signatures VPg East-Africa S5-S6 100 90 84 100 99 West-Africa Central -Africa S2-S3 Sa S1 S4 S1-ca 99 100 98 91 100 99 99 100 90 100 83 86 49
S2/S3 T S1 T / E S4 E S5 E Traore et al, unpublished Pinel-Galzi et al, 2007 Breakdown of the resistance alleles  rymv 1-2  ( O. sativa indica ) rymv 1-2  :  - - rymv 1-2  :  +  / - rymv 1-2  :  ++ rymv 1-2  :  ++ rymv 1-3  :  ++ rymv 1-3  :  +  / - rymv 1-3  :  - - rymv 1-3  :  - - rymv 1-3  ( O. glaberrima )
Portères R. , 1951 Semon et al. 2005 Traore et al. 2010 Geographic distribution of  Oryzae glaberrima   and polymorphism at codon 49 T49   =  adaptation  to   O. glaberrima   ? T49 E49 ,[object Object]
Molecular signatures of adaptations ,[object Object],T49   =   unique  signature of adaptation  to   O. glaberrima   ? VPg ORF1 ORF2b ORF2a ORF4 P1 IFEL 55 79 165 191 192 REL 55 66 79 104 125 162 165 191 192 214 Coat Protein Sel 55 79 81 116 165 191 216 218 IFEL 21 66 110 REL 26 45 54 66 85 99 110 Sel 12 26 42 45 47 53 54 66 74 79 81 85 101 110 IFEL REL Sel 45 203 226 Protease VPg IFEL 49 REL 49 Sel 21 26 49 50 62 Polymerase IFEL 114 237 REL 114 123 134 136 186 187 190 233 237 370 389 400 437 441 Sel 114 174 179 324 ,[object Object],no co-variation  between codon 49 of the VPg and the others positions under diversifying selection
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],West Africa Central Africa East Africa T T T T T T E E T E E E T E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E T49 = signature of the adaptation to  O. glaberrima Ni1 ( T ) Ni1 ( T ) Tz8 / Ni1 BF5 ( T ) BF5 ( T ) CI4 / BF5 BF1 ( T ) BF1 ( T ) Ma10 / BF1 BF5 ( T ) BF5 ( T ) Tz209 / BF5 BF5 ( T ) Mg16 ( E ) Mg16 / BF5 BF1 ( T ) BF1 ( T ) Tz8 / BF1 CIa ( T ) CI4 ( E ) CI4 / CIa CIa ( T ) Mg16 ( E ) Mg16 / CIa CIa ( T ) CIa ( T ) Tz209 / CIa O. glaberrima O. sativa indica Competitions
[object Object],T49 = signature of the adaptation to  O. glaberrima O. glaberrima O. sativa indica Competition CIa ( T ) CIa*T 49E   ( E ) CIa*T 49E  / CIa E49 T49 viral ARN copies / mg of leaves a a a a real time-PCR CIa CIa*T 49E O. sat. O. glab. O. sat. O. glab. T49   =  adaptation signature  to   O. glaberrima
[object Object],[object Object],Polymorphism at codon 49 and resistance-breaking 0  % 40  % 100% CIa*T 49E 95  % 5  % 100% CIa  ( T49 ) O. glaberrima rymv1-3 O. sativa indica rymv1-2 IR64 (susceptible) DAS-ELISA + 42 dpi Codon 49   influence the resistance-breaking of  rymv 1-2  and   rymv 1-3
Ancient host adaptation and actual resistance-breaking ability of RYMV ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],+++ - - - + / - +++ O. sativa indica rymv1-2 O. glaberrima rymv1-3 T49 T49 O. glaberrima O. sativa indica East Africa West Africa E49 E49
Conclusion ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Evolutionary history  of RYMV could  influence  the  adaptation  to  resistant plants Ancient host adaptation  could  modulate  the  actual adaptation   ability  of  pathogens Perspectives ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Denis Fargette Eugénie Hébrard Agnès Pinel-Galzi Jamel Aribi Nils Poulicard Christelle Lirette Stelly Mississipi UMR  Résistance des Plantes aux Bioagresseurs   Équipe   Durabilité des Résistances Rémy Froissart Thierry Michon Benoît Moury Michel Nicole UMR Génome et Développement des Plantes Équipe Génomique appliquée au Riz Alain Ghesquière Laurence Albar Florence Vignol Deless Thiemele Gnissa Konate Oumar Traoré Drissa Sérémé Burkina-Faso Côte d’Ivoire Madagascar Séré Yacouba Fatogoma Sorho Sissi Rakotomalala Tanzanie Zakaria Kanyeka Emmanuel Sangu
 
Histoire évolutive du RYMV Fargette et al, 2004 Fargette et al, 2008 ,[object Object],R = 0.77 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 Distance Geographique  (log) Génome entier Distance Génétiques  (%nt) S3 S2 S1 S4 S5 Afrique de l’Est Afrique de l’Ouest 0 2 4 6 8 10 Afrique Centrale Diversité nucleotidique (%nt) Nombre total de sites S5 S4 S1AC S1AO S2 S3 ,[object Object],[object Object]
Contrasted  rymv 1-2  resistance-breaking ability Pinel-Galzi et al, 2007 VPg 48 E49 Why CIa is not able to overcome the  rymv 1-2  resistance allele ? ,[object Object],T49 T49 X *48 G   is   lethal in CIa X ,[object Object]
Antagonistic epistasis between T49 and  rymv1-2  RB mutations ,[object Object],Directed mutagenesis:  Substitution  of  T49  to  E49 : 0 1 2 CIa*48G *48G49E CIa*48G *48G49E 0 1.0 2.0 CIa*48G ( 49T ) CIa*48G * 49E CIa*48G ( 49T ) CIa*48G * 49E O. sativa indica (susceptible) O. sativa indica rymv1-2 OD (405nm) DAS-ELISA 30 dpi T49 X T49  strongly limits the emergence of  rymv1-2  RB mutations
viral RNA copies / mg of leaves a b b c CI4 *48 I *48 G *48 E Capacités de contournement contrastées entre souches CI4 E CIa T viral RNA copies / mg of leaves CIa *48 I *48 E a b c VPg *48I*49 T VPg *48G*49 T VPg *48E*49 T dilution Interaction test (two hybrid assay) VPg *48I*49 E VPg *48G*49 E VPg *48E*49 E eIF(iso)4G  rymv1-2
Polymorphism at codon 49 and resistance-breaking ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],T49 *52Y RB  rymv 1-3 O. glaberrima E49 RB  rymv 1-2 O. sativa indica RB  rymv 1-2 O. sativa indica X RB  rymv 1-3 O. glaberrima No antagonism between  E49  and *52Y   RB mutation  0 1 2 CIa*52Y CIa*49E*52Y CIa*52Y CIa*49E*52Y CIa*52Y ( 49T ) CIa*52Y * 49E CIa*52Y ( 49T ) CIa*52Y * 49E O. sativa indica rymv1-2 O. glaberrima rymv1-3 0 1.0 2.0 OD (405nm) Influence of the  host genetic background  ? E49  X  O. glaberrima
Effet de la mutation A303D dans eIFiso4G d’O. glaberrima O. glaberrima O. sativa susceptible susceptible MIF4G A303D E360 5.5 A° A303 E360 D303
viral RNA copies / mg of leaves CI4 *48 I *48 G *48 E a b c d Évaluation de la multiplication virale sur plantes sensibles ,[object Object],[object Object],réversion CI4*48E en CI4*48G (et non mutations compensatoires) CI4 S1 30dpi VPg VPg *48 I VPg *48 G VPg *48 E dilution dilution eIF(iso)4G HUM UM HUAM dilution Growth control Interaction assay
pGBK VPg pGAD iso4G No interaction No transcription of the reporter gene  yeast death VPg Trp 4G Leu Yeast double hybrid assay DBD AD Promotor  Histidine VPg DBD Yeast strain  leu- trp- his-  Transformation (-leu-trp) Interaction test (-His) pGBK VPg pGAD iso4G 4G Leu AD VPg Trp DBD iso4G AD Interaction  Transcription of the reporter gene yeast growth Promotor  Histidine VPg DBD iso4G AD

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Nils Poulicard - Relations entre histoire évolutive et capacité d'adaptation à des hotes résistants chez le Rice yellow mottle virus

  • 1. Ancient host adaptation modulated the actual resistance-breaking ability of the Rice yellow mottle virus Directeur : Denis FARGETTE Co-directeur : Eugénie HEBRARD UMR RPB Directeur : Michel NICOLE Équipe Durabilité des Résistances Nils POULICARD
  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 4.
  • 5.
  • 6. Traore et al, unpublished Pinel-Galzi et al, 2007 Breakdown of the resistance alleles rymv 1-2 ( O. sativa indica ) S3 S2 S1 S4 S5 S2/S3 S1 S4 S5 rymv 1-2 : + / - rymv 1-2 : + / - rymv 1-2 : ++ rymv 1-2 : ++ O. sativa rymv 1-2 rymv 1-3 : ++ rymv 1-3 : + / - rymv 1-3 : - - rymv 1-3 : - - O. glaberrima rymv 1-3 rymv 1-3 ( O. glaberrima )
  • 7.
  • 8. Pinel-Galzi et al 2007 Genetic signatures VPg East-Africa S5-S6 100 90 84 100 99 West-Africa Central -Africa S2-S3 Sa S1 S4 S1-ca 99 100 98 91 100 99 99 100 90 100 83 86 49
  • 9. S2/S3 T S1 T / E S4 E S5 E Traore et al, unpublished Pinel-Galzi et al, 2007 Breakdown of the resistance alleles rymv 1-2 ( O. sativa indica ) rymv 1-2 : - - rymv 1-2 : + / - rymv 1-2 : ++ rymv 1-2 : ++ rymv 1-3 : ++ rymv 1-3 : + / - rymv 1-3 : - - rymv 1-3 : - - rymv 1-3 ( O. glaberrima )
  • 10.
  • 11.
  • 12.
  • 13.
  • 14.
  • 15.
  • 16.
  • 17. Denis Fargette Eugénie Hébrard Agnès Pinel-Galzi Jamel Aribi Nils Poulicard Christelle Lirette Stelly Mississipi UMR Résistance des Plantes aux Bioagresseurs Équipe Durabilité des Résistances Rémy Froissart Thierry Michon Benoît Moury Michel Nicole UMR Génome et Développement des Plantes Équipe Génomique appliquée au Riz Alain Ghesquière Laurence Albar Florence Vignol Deless Thiemele Gnissa Konate Oumar Traoré Drissa Sérémé Burkina-Faso Côte d’Ivoire Madagascar Séré Yacouba Fatogoma Sorho Sissi Rakotomalala Tanzanie Zakaria Kanyeka Emmanuel Sangu
  • 18.  
  • 19.
  • 20.
  • 21.
  • 22. viral RNA copies / mg of leaves a b b c CI4 *48 I *48 G *48 E Capacités de contournement contrastées entre souches CI4 E CIa T viral RNA copies / mg of leaves CIa *48 I *48 E a b c VPg *48I*49 T VPg *48G*49 T VPg *48E*49 T dilution Interaction test (two hybrid assay) VPg *48I*49 E VPg *48G*49 E VPg *48E*49 E eIF(iso)4G rymv1-2
  • 23.
  • 24. Effet de la mutation A303D dans eIFiso4G d’O. glaberrima O. glaberrima O. sativa susceptible susceptible MIF4G A303D E360 5.5 A° A303 E360 D303
  • 25.
  • 26. pGBK VPg pGAD iso4G No interaction No transcription of the reporter gene yeast death VPg Trp 4G Leu Yeast double hybrid assay DBD AD Promotor Histidine VPg DBD Yeast strain leu- trp- his- Transformation (-leu-trp) Interaction test (-His) pGBK VPg pGAD iso4G 4G Leu AD VPg Trp DBD iso4G AD Interaction Transcription of the reporter gene yeast growth Promotor Histidine VPg DBD iso4G AD

Notes de l'éditeur

  1. Grâce à la collecte de plus de 500 isolats provenant de 14 pays africain, la diversité du RYMV a été évaluée. 5 souches majeures, nommées de S1 à S5, ont été définies par sérotypage et par séquençage. Il existe une forte structuration spatiale des souches, avec 3 régions distinctes, l’A. de l’Est, l’A. centrale et l’A. de l’ouest. l’intensification de culture du riz à la fin du 19 ème siècle aurait favorisé le franchissement de la barrière d’hôte et la propagation de la maladie sur le continent africain.
  2. La résistance élevée est portée par quelques rares variétés de riz. J’ai travaillé sur les riz asiatiques O. s. i. cv Gigante et Bekarosaka. Il s’agit d’une résistance récessive qui implique une perte d’interaction avec un facteur hôte nécessaire au cycle virale. se caractérise par une absence de symptômes et de virus détecté par ELISA. Le gène de résistance code pour le facteur d’initiation de la traduction eIF(iso)4G. L’allèle de résistance des cultivars Gigante et Bekarosaka correspond à une substitution de l’acide glutamique en lysine en position 309 du domaine central de eIF(iso)4G. La durabilité de cette résistance a été évaluée en laboratoire en vue d’un déploiement en champs.
  3. isolats représentant toute la diversité génétique et géographique du RYMV ont été prélevés sur plantes sensibles, puis inoculés sur plantes résistantes. On a ensuite regardé la cinétique d’émergence des variants virulents. Le contournement de la résistance est systématiquement liée à l’apparition de mutations dans la région centrale de la VPg, qui est une protéine virale liée en 5’ au génome du RYMV.
  4. 114 isolats représentant toute la diversité génétique et géographique du RYMV ont été prélevés sur plantes sensibles, puis inoculés sur plantes résistantes. On a ensuite regardé la cinétiques d’émergence des variants virulents. Pour toutes les souches, des variants virulents ont été capables d’émerger. On remarque tout de même que les souches S2/S3 majoritaires en af de l’ouest ont la plus faible capacité de contournement.
  5. Nous avons cherché dans la VPg les sites sous sélection diversificatrices, car il a été démontré qu’il existait des liens entre ces sites et les propriétés de virulence. La recherche de ces sites se fait grâce à des méthodes de maximum de vraisemblance qui établissent pour chaque codon un ratio dN/dS. On remarque que la VPg est essentiellement sous sélection conservatrice. Le principal codon sous sélection diversificatrice est le codon 49, cad le codon adjacent au codon 48 impliqué dans le contournement de Gigante.
  6. En faisant un alignement de séquences, on remarque qu’il existe chez les souches S2/S3 et quelques isolats de la souche S1, un acide aminé particulier en position 49, une T. On remarque aussi qu’il existe un motif particulier en position 49-50 chez ces isolats, T49-K50.
  7. 114 isolats représentant toute la diversité génétique et géographique du RYMV ont été prélevés sur plantes sensibles, puis inoculés sur plantes résistantes. On a ensuite regardé la cinétiques d’émergence des variants virulents. Pour toutes les souches, des variants virulents ont été capables d’émerger. On remarque tout de même que les souches S2/S3 majoritaires en af de l’ouest ont la plus faible capacité de contournement. Des résultats préliminaires montrent qu’il existe une corrélation entre la présence de ce motif TK et l’émergence de variants virulents sur Tog5681. On remarque par ailleurs que la capacité de contournement de la résistance de Tog 5681 est inversée à celle de Gigante. Cela suggère que l’histoire évolutive du virus joue un rôle important dans l’aptitude au contournement de ces 2 allèles de résistance. Pour tester cette hypothèse, je vais substituer ou introduire le motif TK dans des clones infectieux issus de souches différentes, S3 et S1, afin de voir si cela module leurs capacités de contournement des 2 allèles de résistance.
  8. Grâce à la collecte de plus de 500 isolats provenant de 14 pays africain, la diversité du RYMV a été évaluée. 5 souches majeures, nommées de S1 à S5, ont été définies par sérotypage et par séquençage. Il existe une forte structuration spatiale des souches, avec 3 régions distinctes, l’A. de l’Est, l’A. centrale et l’A. de l’ouest. La distance génétique et la distance géographique des différents isolats sont fortement corrélées. La diversité virale est maximale en Afrique de l’Est, et plus particulièrement à l’Est de la Tanzanie, puis décroît progressivement d’Est en Ouest. Toutes ces observations suggèrent donc que la propagation du RYMV s’est effectuée d’Est en Ouest, avec pour origine l’Est de la Tanzanie. Les hôtes d’origine ne sont probablement pas les riz sauvages et cultivés, mais plus vraisemblablement des graminées sauvages. Ensuite, l’intensification de culture du riz à la fin du 19 ème siècle aurait favorisé le franchissement de la barrière d’hôte et la propagation de la maladie sur le continent africain.
  9. Le contournement de la résistance est systématiquement liée à l’apparition de mutations dans la VPg, qui est une protéine virale liée en 5’ au génome du RYMV. La position majoritairement impliquée est la position 48 où R présente chez tous les isolats sauvages est substituée en plusieurs acides aminés de propriétés physico-chimiques différentes, majoritairement E, mais aussi G, I, V. Dans le cas isolat CI4 souche S1, ces 4 types de variants émergent, contrairement à l’isolat CIa (souche S3) qui ne contourne pas la résistance. Pourtant, lorsqu’on introduit I et E par mutagenèse, les mutants obtenus contournent. En observant la cinétique d’émergence des variants virulents, on a mis en évidence 2 chemins mutationnels, qui correspondent à l’accumulation de mutations sur le même codon.