2. “Once A Week Art”
An Introduction to Art History
for Christian Students
Presented by:
L. Kay Mash Aragona
Calvary Lutheran School
Dallas, Texas
3. “The study of architecture opens
up the enjoyment of buildings
with an appreciation of their
purpose, meaning and charm.”
Sir Bannister Fletcher
Author of,
The History of Architecture
4. Ancient Architecture Timeline
900-
1100A
2600BC 575BC 400BC 1-99AD 330AD 476AD 532AD D
Byzantine
Ziggurat architecture
of Ur
Emperor
The
Constantine
Ishtar Romanesque
moves capital to
Gate architecture
Constantinople
Parthenon Hagia
Pyramids
Sophia
at Giza
Fall of
Colosseum Rome
5. What is architecture?
Architecture is the style or
character of a building.
Art Deco style
architecture
Dallas, Texas
Fair Park
6. Great Pyramid of Giza
Great 2.3 million J
limestone blocks
Pyramid at 2600BC carried from
Giza quarries down the
Nile
Tallest manmade
structure in the
world for over
3800 years
Took 14-20
years to build
7. J
Ziggurats of
Mesopotamia
Step-pyramids
built in
Mesopotamia
(today’s Iraq
and Iran) by
Sumerians,
Assyrians, and
Babylonians
9. Ancient Babylonian Architecture: J
The Ishtar Gate
• The Ishtar Gate was
constructed in 575BC by
King Nebuchadnezzar II
• Constructed of blue
glazed tiles
• The gate has been
reconstructed at the
Pergamon Museum in
Berlin, Germany from
original artifacts
10. The Ishtar Gate (575BC): J
one of the entrances to the ancient
city of Babylon
Dedicated to the
Babylonian
Dedicated to the
goddess, Ishtar
11. The Ancient
Greeks
•Known for their
temples and open-air
theatres
•Columns determined
temple style
•Roof tiles replaced
thatched roof around
700-650BC (better fire
protection)
•Architect was treated
as a craftsman
12. Ancient
Greek J
Architecture
Pediment
Capital Capital
Doric Column Corinthian Column
Ionic Column
16. pediment
Temple to
the Greek J
goddess,
Athena
frieze
architrave
Doric
columns
The Parthenon, The life-sized
Athens, Greece sculptures which once
decorated the
Greek Architecture: pediment can be
found in the British
5th century BC Museum in London.
17. Remnant of
the pediment J
Doric
Columns
Remnant
of frieze
Remnant of
architrave
22. • Roman town
Ostia Antica • Seaport – founded 620 BC
as naval base
J
• Later commercial center
and Rome’s food pantry
23. Ancient Architecture Timeline
900-
1100A
2600BC 575BC 400BC 1-99AD 330AD 476AD 532AD D
Byzantine
Ziggurat architecture
of Ur
Emperor
The
Constantine
Ishtar Romanesque
moves capital to
Gate architecture
Constantinople
Parthenon Hagia
Pyramids
Sophia
at Giza Fall of
Rome
Colosseum
24. Ostia Antica:
Theatre
Pronounced os-tia an-teek-a
Built 196 AD
25. • Originally built as a The Pantheon
temple in 432BC, then
rebuilt in the 2nd century
in Rome
AD J
• Used as a church since
the 7th century; the artist,
Raphael, is buried here
• Inspired Brunelleschi’s
42-meter dome in
Florence (1436), the first
sizeable dome to be
constructed in Western
Europe since Late
Antiquity
26. Pantheon
J
ceiling
Still the
largest
unreinforced
concrete
dome in the
world.
27. Coffered
ceiling
(sunken
panels) The oculus is
reduces the the source of
weight of the all interior
roof. light, as well
cooling and
ventilation. It
also helps
reduce the
Coffered weight of the
ceiling is roof.
constructed
Pronounced
of concrete ock-you-lus
28. Roman Architecture – J
The Colosseum in Rome, Italy
• Based upon
Greek
architecture
• Roman brick
covered with
marble
• Built under
Roman
emperors,
Vespasian A&
Titus
• 1-99AD
29. • Artificial building material Roman
consisting of an aggregate
(gravel, crushed bricks, concrete
etc.), a binding agent such
as pozzolona (volcano dust)
or gypsum, & water
• Romans shaped concrete
into arches & vaults,
foundations, patios, fireproof
ceilings, and harbor
Pantheon
structures ceiling:
• Romans covered concrete concrete
with brick or lava stone to
make it more attractive
30. Roman Building Materials: J
Roman Brick
Romans used
bricks in many
buildings & took
their knowledge
of brick-making to
other lands they
conquered,
including Britain.
31. The Roman
Aqueducts
•sophisticated
system used to
Arcades
(arches) carry water from
which support outlying areas to
the aqueduct
cities
•Most aqueducts
Roman Aqueduct, were underground
Segovia, Spain
•Some were above
ground and were
supported by
Inside the aqueduct arcades (arches)
32. Ancient Architecture Timeline
900-
1100A
2600BC 575BC 400BC 1-99AD 330AD 476AD 532AD D
Byzantine
architecture
The
Ishtar Emperor Romanesque
Gate Constantine architecture
moves capital to
Constantinople Hagia
Pyramids Parthenon Sophia
at Giza
Fall of
Rome
Colosseum
33. Over time, the Roman Empire was
divided into 2 parts: West and East
J
Rome,
Italy
• Western part spoke • Eastern part
Latin spoke Greek
• Not as wealthy as the • Byzantine
East architecture
• Capital located in
Rome & other Italian
cities
34. Constantine, a pagan, had a vision of a Chi-Rho in
the sky shortly before he entered a battle with
Emperor Maxentius to gain control of the
Roman Empire.
“In this sign,
you will After he
conquer” is won the
what
Constantine
battle,
said Jesus told Emperor
him in a Constantine
dream.
became a
Christian.
Constantine the Great
Chi-Rho: Christian
Peter Paul Rubens
symbol with 1st 2
Greek letters of word,
Christ
35. The Emperor Constantine moved the capital
of the Roman Empire from Rome to
J
Byzantium, (renamed Constantinople)
in the year 330AD.
Emperor
Constantine, a
Bye-bye convert to
Christianity,
Rome! built many
Hello churches,
Byzantium! including the
1st St. Peter’s
in Rome.
Emperor
Constantine called
together Christian
bishops in 325AD in
Nicaea to settle
religious arguments
about the nature of
Jesus. The Nicene
Bust of Emperor Constantine Creed resulted.
36. In Constantinople, the Hagia Sophia, built in
532-537AD, was the finest example of Byzantine
architecture and remained the world’s largest
Christian church for a thousand years. J
Bosphorus ASIA
River –
Hagia Sophia, as
separates it would have
the appeared in the
Continent of
Europe from
time of Emperor
Asia. Constantine.
This example of
Byzantine
architecture was
built in only 5
EUROPE
years.
37. • Mosaics Byzantine
instead of Art & Architecture
carvings
• Multiple
domes
• The name,
Hagia
Sophia,
means
“Wisdom of Mosaics in Chora Church,
God” Istanbul, Turkey
38. Byzantine J
• Mosaics
Mosaics are
pictures
made up
of small
pieces of
colored
stone or
glass
• Ravenna,
Italy -
known for
its
Byzantine
mosaics
40. The Fall of Constantinople - 1453
50,000 Islamic
troops of the
Ottoman Empire
battled 8,500
Byzantine
Christians. When
the Ottoman leader,
Sultan Mehmed II,
entered the city, he
prayed at Hagia
Sophia, then ordered
it be converted to an
Islamic mosque.
41. J
After Constantinople
Hagia Sophia was
was conquered by the
converted to an
Muslims…
Islamic mosque
• the bells, altar and
iconostasis were
removed
• the Christian mosaics
were plastered over
• the minarets were
added
• The name of
Minarets
Constantinople was
added by the
changed to Istanbul
Muslims
42. Largest Christian J
church in the world for
nearly 1,000 years
In 1453, Constantinople was
captured by the Ottoman
Turks and Sultan Mehmed II
ordered the church to be
converted to a mosque
Muslims removed the
bells, the iconostasis,
Hagia Sophia and the altar, and added
plywood panels with
Arabic verses.
44. Ancient Architecture Timeline
900-
1100A
2600BC 575BC 400BC 1-99AD 330AD 476AD 532AD D
Byzantine
architecture The Middle
Ages…
Emperor
The
Constantine
Ishtar Romanesque
moves capital to
Gate architecture
Constantinople
Parthenon Hagia
Pyramids Sophia
at Giza
Fall of
Colosseum Rome
45. • Romanesque means
“descended from
Features of
J
Roman” Romanesque
• Romanesque Architecture
architecture in England
is called “Norman”
architecture
• Architecture of medieval
Europe (10th-12th
centuries)
• Rounded arches
• Evolved into Gothic
architecture in the 12th
century
47. Chevron J
moulding
A zig-zag moulding used
in Romanesque (Norman)
architecture
48. Romanesque J
architecture
Romanesque
church floorplan
– simple
Lombard band compared to
Gothic churches
49. Lombard band:
Romanesque decorative arched
Architecture border on the exterior
of Romanesque
buildings
J
50. Architecture Timeline
330AD 476AD 532AD 900-1100AD 1100-1600
Middle Ages
Byzantine
architecture
Gothic
Emperor architecture
Constantine
moves capital of Romanesque
Holy Roman architecture •Notre Dame
Empire to de Paris
Constantinople Hagia •Cathedral at
Sophia Cologne
Fall of
Rome •Salisbury
Cathedral
51. • Rounded arches
(Romanesque) Gothic J
replaced with pointed Architecture
arches (Gothic)
• Towns competed to
create tallest churches
• Some churches
collapsed, killing many
• Stained glass windows
weakened walls
• Flying buttresses were
added to support very
high walls Flying buttresses
54. J
Notre Dame de Paris
Apse
Rose
window
Construction
began in
1163 One of the first buildings
to use flying buttresses
55. Cathedral library
houses original
copy of Magna 404 feet tall Salisbury
Carta spire J
Cathedral
Gothic cathedral
with tallest spire in
England
Unique church because
unlike most Gothic
Do I have to churches of its day, it
sign this thing?
was built to completion
in one generation,
King (1220-1258) – without
John Magna additions
Carta 1215
56. Cathedral at
Cologne,
Germany
• Another example of
Gothic architecture
• Foundation for the
church was laid in
the 1240’s
• Church wasn’t
complete until over
600 years later
