tugas mata kuliah reading

1. Extensive Reading VIB-Regular Trisma
DUAL DIAGNOSIS
Web source
1. Dual Diagnosis (Drug Abuse with Other Psychiatric Conditions)
http://www.patient.co.uk/doctor/dual-diagnosis-drug-abuse-with-other-psychiatric-
conditions
Definition
Dual diagnosis is the term used to describe patients with both severe mental illness (mainly
psychotic disorders) and problematic drug and/or alcohol use. Personality disorder may also
co-exist with psychiatric illness and/or substance misuse. The term originated from the USA
in the 1980s and has been adopted in the UK more recently.
2. Jesalva's blog
http://drjesalva.com/blog/2012/11/24/dual-diagnosis-and-special-education-the-role-of-
a-special-education-advocate/
Focusing on helping the consumer successfully navigate through the mental health
maze.
Dual Diagnosis and Special Education: the role of a Special Education Advocate.
by DrJesalva on November 24, 2012
Definitions:
For clarification, Dual Diagnosis means “the co-occurrence (co-morbidity) of 2 or more
conditions: that is, a substance use disorder and other Psychiatric disorders. Both conditions
must have clinical significance impairment of functioning. (1) Co-morbidity is common,
complicates diagnosis and worsens prognosis, and patients have higher rates of relapse,
hospitalization, violence, incarceration, homelessness, infectious disease: HIV, Hepatitis C,
TB.” [1]
3. With regards, Kathyrn Hryb, MSW. Rob Kirkhart, PhD, PA-C.Rebecca Talbert,
PharmD
From the Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Chillicothe, Ohio
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2880934/
Psychiatry (Edgmont). 2007 Sep; 4(9): 15–16.
Published online 2007 Sep.
Dual diagnosis was first identified in the 1980s among individuals with coexisting
severe mental illness and substance abuse disorders.1,2 Today, the Substance Abuse and
Mental Health Services Administration (SAMSHA) uses the term co-occurring disorders
(COD) to refer to the aforementioned concurrent disorders. COD is defined as co-occurring
substance related and mental disorders. Patients said to have co-occurring disorders have one
or more substance-related disorders as well as one or more mental disorders.3 According to
the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, an estimated 2.7 million adults aged 18 or older

2. Extensive Reading VIB-Regular Trisma
reported a co-occurring major depressive episode and alcohol use disorder during the
previous year. Among these adults, 40.7 percent did not receive treatment for either disorder.4
Over 24 million Americans reported severe psychological distress and 21.3 percent of this
population had active substance abuse/dependence disorders defined by the Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR).5
Currently, there are no diagnostic criteria for dual diagnosis or co-occurring disorders in the
DSM-IV-TR.6 Due to the high prevalence of this disorder, standardized diagnostic criteria
need to be developed and added to the DSM to assist clinicians in the proper and timely
diagnosis and treatment of these patients. Critical analysis of this topic requires research to
evaluate the diagnostic criteria for the dual diagnosis as well as to identify which co-
occurring disorders meet criteria.
4. National Alliance on Mental Illness
https://www.nami.org/
https://www.nami.org/Learn-More/Mental-Health-Conditions/Related-
Conditions/Dual-Diagnosis
Dual diagnosis is a term for when someone experiences a mental illness and a substance
abuse problem simultaneously. Dual diagnosis is a very broad category. It can range from
someone developing mild depression because of binge drinking, to someone’s symptoms of
bipolar disorder becoming more severe when that person abuses heroin during periods of
mania.
5. http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Dual_diagnosis
Dual diagnosis means someone has both a mental illness and a substance use problem.
Many people with alcohol and drug problems have a range of mental health problems at
higher rates than the general community. This includes increased instances of anxiety and
depression. The abused substance could be tobacco, prescribed medication, illegal drugs or
alcohol.
In many cases, it is hard to tell which problem came first. Perhaps the mental illness
prompted the person to abuse drugs, or else their drug problem pre-dated their mental illness.
The substance use could also worsen the symptoms of the person’s mental illness – for
example, smoking marijuana can trigger a psychotic episode in some people.
A recognised problem is that many services for substance abuse and mental illness
don’t overlap, which means that the person with dual diagnosis is managed through separate
systems. This can make diagnosis and treatment more difficult. Victoria’s specialist mental
health and drug and alcohol services are now working together, developing partnerships for
the provision of integrated treatment and care of people with dual diagnoses

3. Extensive Reading VIB-Regular Trisma
DUAL DIAGNOSIS
Book sources
1. Dual diagnosis, second editor counseling the mentally III substance abuser
By Katie Evans and J.Michael
2. Dual diagnosis
Edited by Ricard M.Resthal
3. Dual diagnosis : practice in context
By Peter Phiips, Olive M, Tom sandford

4. Extensive Reading VIB-Regular Trisma
1. Bagaimana kita bisa menilai dan memperlakukan klien yang hadir dengan baik penyalahgunaan zat atau
masalah ketergantungan dan gangguan psychiartric hidup bersama? Istilah "dual diagnosis"adalah sebutan
umum yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan orang-orang individu yang menderita komorbiditas
penyalahgunaan zat / ketergantungan serta psikotik, afektif, perilaku, atau melayani .9persons gangguan
kepribadian dengan gangguan ganda seperti itu sering menimbulkan perlakuan 'ganda' tantangan.
2. Ganda diagnosis adalah kumpulan artikel jurnal signifikan pada kemajuan terbaru dalam diagnosis dan
pengobatan penyalahgunaan zat co-terjadi dan gangguan mental.Dipilih dari jurnal peer-review terkemuka.
Para peneliti di bidang masing-masing dan memberikan informasi terbaru sepanjang kontinum luas
diagnosis.
Diagnosis ganda luas menerangi alam,presentasi,evaluasi,dan pengobatan individu dengan komorbiditas
penyakit dan penggunaan narkoba gangguan mental. Ini artikel yang luar biasa mengatasi kerentanan,
skrining, dan diagnosis diferensial dari penyalahgunaan zat dalam individu dengan co-terjadi gangguan
mental,masalah klinis saatini untuk mempertimbangkan dalam pengobatan diagnosis ganda,dan diagnosis
spesifik mood, kecemasan, dan gangguan psikotik antara penyalahguna zat.
3. diagnosis ganda ini bisa dibilang salah satu masalah yang paling signifikan yang dihadapi pelayanan
kesehatan.Sebuah persentase yang signifikan dari semua pasien di rumah sakit umum dianggap karena
komplikasi yang terkait dengan konsumsi alkohol, dan banyak orang yang menyalahgunakan alkohol dan
zat-zat lain yang diduga memiliki setidaknya satu penyakit mental. Dukungan literatur yang relevan lebih
sering daripada kesempatan akan memprediksi.
Diagnosis ganda berarti seseorang memiliki kedua penyakit mental dan masalah penggunaan narkoba.
Banyak orang dengan alkohol dan obatmasalah memiliki berbagai masalah kesehatan mental pada tingkat
yang lebih tinggi daripada masyarakat umum. Ini termasuk peningkatan kasus kecemasan dan depresi.
Substansi disalahgunakan bisa tembakau, obat resep, obat-obatan terlarang atau alkohol.
Dalam banyak kasus,sulituntuk membedakan mana masalah datang pertama.Mungkin penyakit mental
diminta orang untuk penyalahgunaan obat, atau masalah narkoba mereka pra-tanggal penyakit mental
mereka. Penggunaan zat juga bisa memperburuk gejala penyakit mental seseorang - misalnya, merokok
ganja dapat memicu episode psikotik pada beberapa orang.
Masalah diakui adalah bahwa banyak layanan untuk penyalahgunaan zat dan penyakit mental tidak
tumpang tindih, yang berarti bahwa orang dengan diagnosis ganda dikelola melalui sistem yang terpisah.
Hal ini dapat membuat diagnosis dan pengobatan lebih sulit. Kesehatan mental dan narkoba dan alkohol
layanan spesialis Victoria sekarang bekerja sama, mengembangkan kemitraan untuk penyediaan
pengobatan terpadu dan perawatan orang dengan diagnosis ganda.
Dual Diagnosis
Dual diagnosis is a term for when someone experiences a mental illness and a substance abuse problem
simultaneously.Dual diagnosis is a very broad category. It can range from someone developing mild depression
because ofbinge drinking,to someone’s symptoms ofbipolar disorder becoming more severe when that person
abuses heroin during periods of mania.
Diagnosis ganda adalah istilah untuk ketika seseorang mengalami penyakit mental dan masalah
penyalahgunaan zat secara bersamaan. Diagnosis ganda adalah kategori yang sangat luas. Hal ini dapat
berkisar dari seseorang mengembangkan depresi ringan karena pesta minuman keras, gejala seseorang dari
gangguan bipolar menjadi lebih parah ketika itu pelanggaran orang heroin selama periode mania
Either substance abuse or mental illness can develop first.A person experiencing a mental health condition may
turn to drugs and alcohol as a form of self-medication to improve the troubling mental health symptoms they
experience.Research shows though thatdrugs and alcohol onlymake the symptoms ofmental health conditions
worse.
Abusing substances can also lead to mental health problems because of the effects drugs have on a person’s
moods, thoughts, brain chemistry and behavior.
How Common is a Dual Diagnosis?
About a third of all people experiencing mental illnesses and about half of people living with severe mental
illnesses also experience substance abuse. These statistics are mirrored in the substance abuse community,
where about a third of all alcohol abusers and m ore than half of all drug abusers report experiencing a mental
illness.
Men are more likely to develop a co-occurring disorder than women. Other people who have a particularly high
risk of dual diagnosis include individuals of lower socioeconomic status, m ilitary veterans and people with more
general medical illnesses.
Symptoms
The defining characteristic of dual diagnosis is that both a mental health and substance abuse disorder occur
simultaneously. Because there are many combinations of disorders that can occur, the symptoms of dual
diagnosis vary widely. The symptoms of substance abuse may include:

5. Extensive Reading VIB-Regular Trisma
 Withdrawal from friends and family.
 Sudden changes in behavior.
 Using substances under dangerous conditions.
 Engaging in risky behaviors when drunk or high.
 Loss of control over use of substances.
 Doing things you wouldn’t normally do to maintain your habit.
 Developing tolerance and withdrawal symptoms.
 Feeling like you need the drug to be able to function.
Some standard alcohol and drug screening tools are used in mental health clinics to identify people at risk for
drug and alcohol abuse.
The symptoms ofa mental health condition also can vary greatly. Knowing the warnings signs, such as extreme
mood changes,confused thinking or problems concentrating, avoiding friends and social activities and thoughts
of suicide, can help identify if there is a reason to seek help.
How is a dual diagnosis treated?
The most common method of treatment for dual diagnosis today is integrated intervention, where a person
receives care for both a specific mental illness and subs tance abuse. Because there are many ways in which a
dual diagnosis may occur treatment will not be the same for everyone.
Detoxification
The first major hurdle that people with dual diagnosis will have to pass is detoxification. During inpatient
detoxification, a person is monitored 24/7 by a trained medical staff for up to 7 days. The staff may administer
tapering amounts ofthe substance or its medical alternative in order to wean a person off and lessen the effects
of withdrawal.
Inpatient detoxification is generally more effective than outpatient for initial sobriety. This is because inpatient
treatmentprovides a consistentenvironmentand removes the person battling addiction from exposure to people
and places associated with using.
Inpatient Rehabilitation
A person experiencing a serious mental illness and dangerous or dependentpatterns of abuse may benefit most
from an inpatientrehabilitation center where she can receive concentrated medical and mental health care 24/7.
These treatment centers provide her with therapy, support, medication and health services with the goal of
treating her addiction and its underlying causes.
Supportive housing, like group homes or sober houses, is another type of residential treatment center that is
most helpful for people who are newly sober or trying to avoid relapse. These treatment centers allow for more
freedom while still providing round-the-clock care.
Medications
Medication is a useful tool for treating a variety of mental illnesses.Depending on the mental health symptoms a
person is experiencing, different mental health medications may play an important role one’s recovery.
Certain medications are also helpful for people experiencing substance abuse. These medications are used to
help ease withdrawal symptoms or promote recovery. Medications to ease withdrawal are used during the
detoxification process. They produce similar effects in the body as certain addictive drugs.
Psychotherapy
Psychotherapy is almost always a large part of an effective dual diagnosis treatment plan. Education on a
person’s illness and how their beliefs and behaviors influence their thoughts has been shown in countless studies
to improve the symptoms of both mental illness and substance abuse.
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in particular is effective in helping people with dual diagnosis learn how to
cope and to change ineffective patterns of thinking.
Self-help and Support Groups
Dealing with a dual diagnosis can feel challenging and isolating. Support groups allow members to share
frustrations, successes, referrals for specialists, where to find the best community resources and tips on what
works best when trying to recover. They also form friendships and provide encouragement to stay clean. Here
are some groups that can offer support:
 Double Trouble in Recovery is a 12-step fellowship for people managing both a mental illness and
substance abuse.
 Alcoholics Anonymous and Narcotics Anonymous are 12-step groups for people recovering from alcohol
or drug addiction.
 Smart Recovery is a sobriety support group program for people with a variety of addictions.
- See more at: https://www.nami.org/Learn-More/Mental-Health-Conditions/Related-Conditions/Dual-
Diagnosis#sthash.rubTrmYq.dpuf