1. HISTORY OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION:
1648 TO PRESENT
WHAT IS PAN-AFRICANISM?

3. I. Racism (1865-1929)
A. The Structure of Racism
1. State-sanctioned racism
a. Dreyfus Affair and Russian Pogroms
b. End of Reconstruction (1865–1877)
c. Jim Crow Laws
• Anti-miscegenation
• Plessy v. Ferguson (1896): Segregation in
housing, schooling, and transportation
• Voting limitations through poll taxes and literacy
tests
“Marriages are void when one party is a white person and the other is
possessed of one-eighth or more negro, Japanese, or Chinese blood.”
(Nebraska, 1911)
All railroads carrying passengers in the state (other than street
railroads) shall provide equal but separate accommodations for the
white and colored races, by providing two or more passenger cars for
each passenger train, or by dividing the cars by a partition, so as to
secure separate accommodations.” (Tennessee, 1891)

4. I. Racism (1865-1929)
A. The Structure of Racism
1. State-sanctioned racism
a. Dreyfus Affair and Russian Pogroms
b. End of Reconstruction (1865–1877)
c. Jim Crow Laws
d. Immigration restrictions
• Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 (USA)

5. Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
Whereas in the opinion of the Government of
the United States the coming of Chinese
laborers to this country endangers the good
order of certain localities within the territory
thereof: Therefore,
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of
Representatives of the United States of
America in Congress assembled, That from
and after the expiration of ninety days next
after the passage of this act, and until the
expiration of ten years next after the passage
of this act, the coming of Chinese laborers to
the United States be, and the same is hereby,
suspended; and during such suspension it shall
not be lawful for any Chinese laborer to come,
or having so come after the expiration of said
ninety days to remain within the United States.

6. I. Racism (1865-1929)
A. The Structure of Racism
1. State-sanctioned racism
a. Dreyfus Affair and Russian Pogroms
b. End of Reconstruction (1865–1877)
c. Jim Crow Laws
d. Immigration restrictions
e. Scientific Racism and Eugenics
• In 1907, Indiana state legislators passed the first
eugenics law in the country, allowing involuntary
sterilization for “confirmed criminals, idiots,
imbeciles and rapists.”

7. I. Racism (1865-1929)
A. The Structure of Racism
1. State-sanctioned racism
2. Structural Racism
a. Political
b. Social and Economic
c. Cultural
Los Angeles housing development, about 1950.
Courtesy of Southern California Library for Social
Studies and Research

8. I. Racism (1865-1929)
A. The Structure of Racism
1. State-sanctioned racism
2. Structural Racism
3. Grass roots racism
a. Xenophobia and Empire
b. Ku Klux Klan

10. KKK Calling Card from Newburgh, IN, 17 September 2007
<http://www.courierpress.com/news/2007/sep/17/ku-klux-klan-calling-cards-
scattered-in/>

11. I. Racism (1865-1929)
A. The Structure of Racism
B. The Practice of Racism
1. Ethnic cleansing/genocide/assimilation
UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of
Genocide, New York, 9 December 1948
The Convention defines genocide as any of a number of acts
committed with the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a
national, ethnic, racial or religious group: killing members of
the group; causing serious bodily or mental harm to members
of the group; deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of
life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole
or in part; imposing measures intended to prevent births
within the group, and forcibly transferring children of the
group to another group.

12. I. Racism (1865-1929)
A. The Structure of Racism
B. The Practice of Racism
1. Ethnic cleansing/genocide/assimilation
a. The American west
• Native American boarding schools
a. Australia: The Stolen Generations (1869-1970s)
2. Terror
a. Russian pogroms
b. Lynching and Race Riots in the USA
Greenwood, Tulsa, OK, May 31-June 1, 1921

13. I. Racism (1865-1929)
II. Resistance to Racism
A. W.E.B. Dubois
Pan-African Congress 1921 (Dubois is second from right)
The history of the American Negro is the
history of this strife, -- this longing to attain
self-conscious manhood, to merge his double
self into a better and truer self. In this
merging he wishes neither of the older selves
to be lost. He would not Africanize America,
for America has too much to teach the world
and Africa. He would not bleach his Negro
soul in a flood of white Americanism, for he
knows that Negro blood has a message for
the world. He simply wishes to make it
possible for a man to be both a Negro and an
American, without being cursed and spit upon
by his fellows, without having the doors of
Opportunity closed roughly in his face.
This, then, is the end of his striving: to be a
co-worker in the kingdom of culture, to
escape both death and isolation, to husband
and use his best powers and his latent
genius. These powers of body and mind have
in the past been strangely wasted, dispersed,
or forgotten.
Dubois, Souls of Black Folk (1903)

14. I. Racism (1865-1929)
II. Resistance to Racism
A. W.E.B. Dubois
B. National Association for
the Advancement of
Colored People,
NAACP (1909)
“To promote equality of
rights and to eradicate
caste or race prejudice
among the citizens of the
United States: to
advance the interest of
colored citizens; to
secure for them impartial
suffrage; and to increase
their opportunities for
securing justice in the
courts, education for the
children, employment
according to their ability
and complete equality
before law.”

15. I. Racism (1865-1929)
II. Resistance to Racism
A. W.E.B. Dubois
B. NAACP (1909)
C. Pan-Africanism: Discussion of W.E.B. Dubois’s speech to
the First Pan-African Congress