object oriented programming examples

1. Chapter 4
Objects and Classes

2. Object variables
data field 1
method n
data field n
method 1
An object
...
...
State
Behavior
Data Field
radius = 5
Method
findArea
A Circle object

3. Class and Objects
circle1: Circle
radius = 2
new Circle()
circlen: Circle
radius = 5
new Circle()
...
UML Graphical notation for classes
UML Graphical notation
for objects
Circle
radius: double
findArea(): double
UML Graphical notation for fields
UML Graphical notation for methods

4. 4
Defining a class
• Class provides one or more methods
• Method represents task in a program
– Describes the mechanisms that actually perform
its tasks
– Hides from its user the complex tasks that it
performs
– Method call tells method to perform its task

5. 5
Defining a class
• Classes contain one or more attributes
– Specified by instance variables
– Carried with the object as it is used

6. 6
Defining a class
• Each class declaration that begins with
keyword public must be stored in a file
that has the same name as the class and
ends with the .java file-name extension.

7. 7
Class GradeBook
• keyword public is an access modifier
• Class declarations include:
– Access modifier
– Keyword class
– Pair of left and right braces

8. 8
Class GradeBook
• Method declarations
– Keyword public indicates method is
available to public
– Keyword void indicates no return type
– Access modifier, return type, name of method
and parentheses comprise method header

9. 9
• GradeBook.java
1 // Fig. 3.1: GradeBook.java
2 // Class declaration with one method.
3
4 public class GradeBook
5 {
6 // display a welcome message to the GradeBook user
7 public void displayMessage()
8 {
9 System.out.println( "Welcome to the Grade Book!" );
10 } // end method displayMessage
11
12 } // end class GradeBook
Print line of text to output

10. 10
Outline
• GradeBookTest.java
1 // Fig. 3.2: GradeBookTest.java
2 // Create a GradeBook object and call its displayMessage method.
3
4 public class GradeBookTest
5 {
6 // main method begins program execution
7 public static void main( String args[] )
8 {
9 // create a GradeBook object and assign it to myGradeBook
10 GradeBook myGradeBook = new GradeBook();
11
12 // call myGradeBook's displayMessage method
13 myGradeBook.displayMessage();
14 } // end main
15
16 } // end class GradeBookTest
Welcome to the Grade Book!
Use class instance creation
expression to create object of
class GradeBook
Call method
displayMessage using
GradeBook object

11. Class Declaration
class Circle {
double radius = 1.0;
double findArea(){
return radius * radius * 3.14159;
}
}

12. Declaring Object Reference Variables
ClassName objectReference;
Example:
Circle myCircle;

13. Creating Objects
objectReference = new ClassName();
Example:
myCircle = new Circle();
The object reference is assigned to the object
reference variable.

14. Declaring/Creating Objects
in a Single Step
ClassName objectReference = new ClassName();
Example:
Circle myCircle = new Circle();

15. 15
Primitive Types vs. Reference Types
• Types in Java
– Primitive
• boolean, byte, char, short, int, long,
float, double
– Reference (sometimes called nonprimitive
types)
• Objects
• Default value of null
• Used to invoke an object’s methods

16. Differences between variables of
primitive Data types and object types
1
c: Circle
radius = 1
Primitive type int i = 1 i
Object type Circle c c reference
Created using
new Circle()

17. Copying Variables of Primitive Data
Types and Object Types
1
c1: Circle
radius = 5
Primitive type assignment
i = j
Before:
i
2j
2
After:
i
2j
Object type assignment
c1 = c2
Before:
c1
c2
After:
c1
c2
c2: Circle
radius = 9

18. Garbage Collection
As shown in the previous
figure, after the assignment
statement c1 = c2, c1 points
to the same object referenced
by c2. The object previously
referenced by c1 is no longer
useful. This object is known
as garbage. Garbage is
automatically collected by
JVM.

19. Garbage Collection, cont
TIP: If you know that an
object is no longer needed,
you can explicitly assign
null to a reference
variable for the object.
The Java VM will
automatically collect the
space if the object is not
referenced by any variable.

20. Accessing Objects
• Referencing the object’s data:
objectReference.data
myCircle.radius
• Invoking the object’s method:
objectReference.method
myCircle.findArea()

21. 21
Class GradeBookTest
• Java is extensible
– Programmers can create new classes
• Class instance creation expression
– Keyword new
– Then name of class to create and parentheses
• Calling a method
– Object name, then dot separator (.)
– Then method name and parentheses

22. 22
Compiling an Application with Multiple Classes
• Compiling multiple classes
– List each .java file separately separated with
spaces
– Compile with *.java to compile all .java
files in that directory

23. 23
Initializing Objects with Constructors
• Constructors
– Initialize an object of a class
– Java requires a constructor for every class
– Java will provide a default no-argument
constructor if none is provided
– Called when keyword new is followed by the
class name and parentheses

24. Constructors
Circle(double r) {
radius = r;
}
Circle() {
radius = 1.0;
}
myCircle = new Circle(5.0);
Constructors are a
special kind of
methods that are
invoked to construct
objects.

25. Constructors, cont.
• A constructor with no parameters is
referred to as a default constructor.
• Constructors must have the same name
as the class itself.
• Constructors do not have a return
type—not even void.
• Constructors are invoked using the
new operator when an object is
created. Constructors play the role
of initializing objects.

26. 26
Outline
• GradeBook.jav
a
• (1 of 2)
1 // Fig. 3.10: GradeBook.java
2 // GradeBook class with a constructor to initialize the course name.
3
4 public class GradeBook
5 {
6 private String courseName; // course name for this GradeBook
7
8 // constructor initializes courseName with String supplied as argument
9 public GradeBook( String name )
10 {
11 courseName = name; // initializes courseName
12 } // end constructor
13
14 // method to set the course name
15 public void setCourseName( String name )
16 {
17 courseName = name; // store the course name
18 } // end method setCourseName
19
20 // method to retrieve the course name
21 public String getCourseName()
22 {
23 return courseName;
24 } // end method getCourseName
Constructor to initialize
courseName variable

27. 27
Instance Variables, set Methods and get
Methods
• Variables declared in the body of method
– Called local variables
– Can only be used within that method
• Variables declared in a class declaration
– Called fields or instance variables
– Each object of the class has a separate
instance of the variable

28. 28
Outline
• GradeBook.java
1 // Fig. 3.7: GradeBook.java
2 // GradeBook class that contains a courseName instance variable
3 // and methods to set and get its value.
4
5 public class GradeBook
6 {
7 private String courseName; // course name for this GradeBook
8
9 // method to set the course name
10 public void setCourseName( String name )
11 {
12 courseName = name; // store the course name
13 } // end method setCourseName
14
15 // method to retrieve the course name
16 public String getCourseName()
17 {
18 return courseName;
19 } // end method getCourseName
20
21 // display a welcome message to the GradeBook user
22 public void displayMessage()
23 {
24 // this statement calls getCourseName to get the
25 // name of the course this GradeBook represents
26 System.out.printf( "Welcome to the grade book forn%s!n",
27 getCourseName() );
28 } // end method displayMessage
29
30 } // end class GradeBook
Instance variable
courseName
set method for courseName
get method for courseName
Call get method

29. 29
Access Modifiers public and private
• private keyword
– Used for most instance variables
– private variables and methods are
accessible only to methods of the class in
which they are declared
– Declaring instance variables private is
known as data hiding
• Return type
– Indicates item returned by method
– Declared in method header

30. 30
set and get methods
• private instance variables
– Cannot be accessed directly by clients of the
object
– Use set methods to alter the value
– Use get methods to retrieve the value

31. 31
Outline
• GradeBookTes
t.java
• (1 of 2)
1 // Fig. 3.8: GradeBookTest.java
2 // Create and manipulate a GradeBook object.
3 import java.util.Scanner; // program uses Scanner
4
5 public class GradeBookTest
6 {
7 // main method begins program execution
8 public static void main( String args[] )
9 {
10 // create Scanner to obtain input from command window
11 Scanner input = new Scanner( System.in );
12
13 // create a GradeBook object and assign it to myGradeBook
14 GradeBook myGradeBook = new GradeBook();
15
16 // display initial value of courseName
17 System.out.printf( "Initial course name is: %snn",
18 myGradeBook.getCourseName() );
19
Call get method for
courseName

32. 32
Outline
• GradeBookTes
t.java
• (2 of 2)
20 // prompt for and read course name
21 System.out.println( "Please enter the course name:" );
22 String theName = input.nextLine(); // read a line of text
23 myGradeBook.setCourseName( theName ); // set the course name
24 System.out.println(); // outputs a blank line
25
26 // display welcome message after specifying course name
27 myGradeBook.displayMessage();
28 } // end main
29
30 } // end class GradeBookTest
Initial course name is: null
Please enter the course name:
CS101 Introduction to Java Programming
Welcome to the grade book for
CS101 Introduction to Java Programming!
Call set method for
courseName
Call displayMessage

33. Visibility Modifiers and
Accessor Methods
By default, the class, variable, or data can be
accessed by any class in the same package.
 public
The class, data, or method is visible to any class in any
package.
 private
The data or methods can be accessed only by the declaring
class.
The get and set methods are used to read and modify private
properties.

34. Passing Objects to Methods, cont.
main
method
ReferencemyCircle
5n 5
times
printAreas
method
Reference
c
myCircle: Circle
radius = 1
Pass by value (here the value is 5)
Pass by value (here the value is the
reference for the object)

35. Instance
Variables, and Methods
Instance variables belong to a specific instance.
Instance methods are invoked by an instance of
the class.

36. Class Variables, Constants,
and Methods
Class variables are shared by all the instances of the
class.
Class methods are not tied to a specific object.
Class constants are final variables shared by all the
instances of the class.

37. Class Variables, Constants,
and Methods, cont.
To declare class variables, constants, and methods,
use the static modifier.

38. Class Variables, Constants,
and Methods, cont.
CircleWithStaticVariable
-radius
-numOfObjects
+getRadius(): double
+setRadius(radius: double): void
+getNumOfObjects(): int
+findArea(): double
1 radiuscircle1:Circle
-radius = 1
-numOfObjects = 2
instantiate
instantiate
Memory
2
5 radius
numOfObjects
radius is an instance
variable, and
numOfObjects is a
class variable
UML Notation:
+: public variables or methods
-: private variables or methods
underline: static variables or metods
circle2:Circle
-radius = 5
-numOfObjects = 2

39. Scope of Variables
• The scope of instance and class variables is the
entire class. They can be declared anywhere
inside a class.
• The scope of a local variable starts from its
declaration and continues to the end of the block
that contains the variable. A local variable must
be declared before it can be used.

40. The Keyword this
• Use this to refer to the current object.
• Use this to invoke other constructors of the
object.

41. Array of Objects
Circle[] circleArray = new
Circle[10];
An array of objects is actually
an array of reference variables.
So invoking
circleArray[1].findArea()
involves two levels of
referencing as shown in the next
figure. circleArray references to
the entire array. circleArray[1]
references to a Circle object.

42. Array of Objects, cont.
reference Circle object 0circleArray[0]
…
circleArray
circleArray[1]
circleArray[9] Circle object 9
Circle object 1
Circle[] circleArray = new
Circle[10];

43. Class Abstraction
• Class abstraction means to separate class
implementation from the use of the class.
• The creator of the class provides a description
of the class and let the user know how the class
can be used. The user of the class does not need
to know how the class is implemented. The
detail of implementation is encapsulated and
hidden from the user.

44. Java API and Core Java classes
• java.lang
Contains core Java classes, such as numeric
classes, strings, and objects. This package is
implicitly imported to every Java program.
• java.awt
Contains classes for graphics.
• java.applet
Contains classes for supporting applets.

45. • java.io
Contains classes for input and output
streams and files.
• java.util
Contains many utilities, such as date.
• java.net
Contains classes for supporting
network communications.
Java API and Core Java classes, cont.

46. • java.awt.image
Contains classes for managing bitmap images.
• java.awt.peer
Platform-specific GUI implementation.
• Others:
java.sql
java.rmi
Java API and Core Java classes, cont.