about multi-universe theory

1. BY:- ABHINAND AND GOWTHAM R.
M.SC 1 𝑠𝑡
YEAR
SRN:- R18MMT01
R18MMTO5

2. 1. The multiverse (or meta-universe) is the hypothetical set of infinite or finite possible universes
(including the Universe we consistently experience) that together comprise everything that
exists: the entirety of space, time, matter, and energy as well as the physical laws and
constants that describe them. The various universes within the multiverse are also called
"parallel universes" or "alternate universes".
2. The structure of the multiverse, the nature of each universe within it and the relationships
among the various constituent universes, depend on the specific multiverse hypothesis
considered. Multiple universes have been hypothesized in cosmology, physics, astronomy,
religion, philosophy, transpersonal psychology, and fiction, particularly in science fiction and
fantasy.
What is MULTIVERSE THEORY

3. It is a theory that says that out there may be other universes making multi universe.
So out there are universes that are maybe just like our Earth or totally different. We can’t see
them because they are beyond our universe for which we also don’t know where it ends.
Scientists are not really sure, but there is still a lot to be discovered. And many physicists and
mathematician believe that this theory is possible.
Parallel universes began with the Big bang that made our universe too.

4. • Inflation is part of the Big bang. And when it happened, the universe rapidly expanded. Inflation lasted
only 0.0000000000000000000000000000001 seconds (10−32
seconds) after the start time. In this really
short time universe increased by more than 10 -times. However, what would happen
• when inflation ends?

5. Inflation doesn't end. OK, it ends, but not everywhere. It continues it's way at some places and when it stops
can cause another big bang which also has its inflation that continues it's way. So this process is always
repeating and making new universes. So if this theory is right universes are formed all over again.

6. So in eternal inflation, inflation didn't stopped it continued on and made new universes.
However, what if two or more inflation from different big bangs had crushed or one
would crash into another, what would happen then. Probably a new big bang with its own
inflation which would also expand. What if inflation would stop everywhere or it would
stop majority of inflation. Then, it would probably also made a universe. And the rest of
inflation would expand on. However, maybe some inflation wouldn't have sufficient
energy to make another universes and just stopped.

7. There are at least five theories why a multiverse is
possible
1. Infinite universes.
2. Bubble universes.
3. Daughter universes.
4. Mathematical universes.
5. String Theory.

8. Scientists can't be sure what the shape of space-time is, but most likely, it's flat (as opposed to
spherical or even donut-shape) and stretches out infinitely. But if space-time goes on forever, then
it must start repeating at some point, because there are a finite number of ways particles can be
arranged in space and time.

9. • Another theory for multiple universes comes from
"eternal inflation." Based on research from Tufts
University cosmologist Alexander Vilenkin , when
looking at space-time as a whole, some areas of space
stop inflating like the Big Bang inflated our own
universe. Others, however, will keep getting larger. So
if we picture our own universe as a bubble, it is sitting
in a network of bubble universes of space. What's
interesting about this theory is the other universes
could have very different laws of physics than our
own, since they are not linked.

10. Daughter universes
Or perhaps multiple universes can follow the theory of quantum mechanics (how subatomic
particles behave), as part of the "daughter universe" theory. If you follow the laws of probability,
it suggests that for every outcome that could come from one of your decisions, there would be a
range of universes — each of which saw one outcome come to be. So in one universe, you took
that job to China. In another, perhaps you were on your way and your plane landed somewhere
different, and you decided to stay. And so on.

11. • Another possible avenue is exploring mathematical universes, which, simply put, explain that
the structure of mathematics may change depending in which universe you reside. "A
mathematical structure is something that you can describe in a way that's completely
independent of human baggage," said theory-proposer Max Tegmark of the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, as quoted in the 2012 article. "I really believe that there is this
universe out there that can exist independently of me that would continue to exist even if there
were no humans."

12. Physicists think that all elementary particles, one-dimensional loops or strings vibrate at a
different frequency. Vibration then determine what the particle will be. String Theory would
potentially become sought after a universal theory of everything. So if string theory would be
true it would bring together quantum world, everything that we know about universe and time.
However, there still is a problem. String theory can only work if there are 10 or eleven
dimensions. Six or seven small spatial and three large spatial dimensions and time. And because
we cannot detect anything so small, for once we can't place it in the background..

13. The eternal inflation, dark energy and string theory make multiverse theory possible and where all
the universes would be different. Some have neither light nor matter, but because the possibilities
are endless (10500), there is an option that there is or are universes just like ours. While we have
not seen these universes we cannot abandon this theory.
 DARK ENERGY:
Dark energy is in physical cosmology and astronomy unknown energy that is causing
accelerated expansion of universe. It is the widely accepted explanation of
observations of the nineties, which suggest that the universe is expanding rapidly. In
space there is 26.8% of dark matter, 68.3% of dark energy and 4.9% of ordinary matter.

14.  A black hole is a region in space where the pulling force of gravity is so strong that light is not able to escape.
The strong gravity occurs because matter has been pressed into a tiny space. This compression can take place
at the end of a star's life. Some black holes are a result of dying stars.
Because no light can escape, black holes are invisible. However, space telescopes with special instruments can
help find black holes. They can observe the behavior of material and stars that are very close to black holes.
• They calculated its mass and size ,which is now called the ”Event Horizon” that an object would need in order
to be faster than even the speed of light.
• The smallest ones are known as primordial black holes.
• The most common type of medium-sized black holes is called "stellar." The mass of a stellar black hole can be
up to 20 times greater than the mass of the sun and can fit inside a ball with a diameter of about 10 miles.
Dozens of stellar mass black holes may exist within the Milky Way galaxy.
• The largest black holes are called "supermassive." These black holes have masses greater than 1 million suns
combined and would fit inside a ball with a diameter about the size of the solar system.

15. History of Ideas
 In the 18th century John Michelle and Pierre-Simon Laplace mentioned about the objects
with a huge gravitation, from which even light cannot escape.
 In 1915 Albert Einstein developed the theory of general relativity.
 Karl Schwarzschild finds black holes as a solution to Einstein’s equations (1916).
 Robert Oppenheimer and Hartland Snyder predict that massive stars can collapse into black
holes (1939).

16. FORMATION
 Primordial black holes are thought to have formed in the early universe, soon after the big
bang.
 Stellar black holes form when the center of a very massive star (Mass >= 3 x mass of sun)
collapses in upon itself. This collapse also causes a supernova, or an exploding star, that blasts
part of the star into space.
 Scientists think supermassive black holes formed at the same time as the galaxy they are in.
The size of the supermassive black hole is related to the size and mass of the galaxy it is in.

17. STEPHON HAWKING is one of the scientist who have worked
on the theories about the black holes. In “Brief history of time”
There is an interesting, but impossible idea (for near future) about
the usage of the black hole‘s power:
because of the radiation from the black holes in the form
Of x-rays and gamma rays ,black hole could run ten large power
Stations, if only we could harness its power.
We can not have one of these black holes on the surface of the
Earth, and the only place to such a black hole, in which one might
Use the energy that is emitted ,would be in orbit around the earth
That is impossible step for now.
But, with development of science and technology ,in far future,
People might find out much more about our universe , including
The black holes, and would make them useful to their living.

18. Stephen hawking’s example
With the astronaut
SPAGHETTIFICATION

19. The stunning new image shows the
shadow of the supermassive black hole in
the center of Messier 87 (M87), an
elliptical galaxy some 55 million light-
years from Earth. This black hole is 6.5
billion times the mass of the Sun.
It was the first black hole to be directly
Imaged by the Event Horizon Telescope
(image released on 10 April 2019).
The ring has diameter of some 700AU,
around ten times larger than the orbit of
Neptune around the sun.
It is estimated at 7.22 x109 solar mass is
Billions of times that of the sun .

20. • White holes:
• are not proved to exist
• considered to be the exact opposite of a black hole
• cannot absorb matter, it can only expulse
• considered by some physicists to be the mathematical answer to the general equations of relativity.
• Wormholes:
• combination of a black hole and a white hole.
• would make matter enter through the black hole, and appear again through the white hole
• too close to each other, spaghettification would not happen

22. So the biggest problem is that there is no prove that multiverse is real. One of the problems is space
traveling because we would die of age on way to there. Let's say that we know that multiverse is real
and we would like to visit one of them.
However, we don’t know how. And after thinking about that we come to an idea - Einstein's theory
about travelling with light speed (it says that human being wouldn't get old because our cells
wouldn't be able to get used).
So maybe we could invent travelling with light speed and our So, we could land in other universe.
Maybe some universes are so totally different that we would die if we would like to go in those. Until
we invent possible way of travelling it will pass many years.
multiverse is one of the most interesting theories. it is real and if someday we will be able to detect it,
it will be the most important discovery in our human history.

23. The Multiverse theory hasn't been solved jet. It is a theory about infinite number of other
universes which could exist, but are invisible to us. It is one of many theories with which the
physicists have faced, but it is also still one of the most interesting ones. So other universes could
happen with our big bang or eternal inflation.