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Rpc
1. Remote
Procedure
Call
Made By:
Abhishek Pachisia
B.Tech-IT
090102801
2. Foreword
Flaw in Client Server Model.
Input/ Output
Birrell & Nelson – Simple Idea with subtle implications.
Call procedures located on other machines
Problems
Different address – Complications
Non- identical Machines
Crashing of machines
Widely Used.
5. Stubs
Client stub
Packs parameter into message.
Calls : Send & Receive.
Server Stub
Calls : Receive & Send.
Unpacks parameter from the message.
Details of message passing are hidden – two libraries.
6.
7. Steps
1. The client procedure calls the client stub in the normal way.
2. The client stub builds a message and traps to the kernel.
3. The kernel sends the message to the remote kernel.
4. The remote kernel gives the message to the server stub.
5. The server stub unpacks the parameters and calls the server.
6. The server does the work and returns the result to the stub.
7. The server stub packs it in a message and traps to the kernel.
8. The remote kernel sends the message to the clients kernel.
9. The client’s kernel gives the message to the client stub.
10. The stub unpacks the result and returns to the client.
8. Client-side stub Server-side stub
Looks like local server Looks like local client
function function to server
Same interface as local Listens on a socket for
function message from client stub
Bundles arguments into Un-bundles arguments to
message, sends to server- local variables
side stub Makes a local function
Waits for reply, un- call to server
bundles results Bundles result into reply
Returns to kernel message to client stub
10. Problems - Parameter Passing
Different Machine Types
Ex: IBM mainframes (EBCDIC) & IBM PCs(ASCII).
Different representation of Integers (1s compliment & 2s
Compliment), Floating point numbers.
Numbering of bytes
Right to Left (Ex: Intel 486) – Little Endian.
Left to Right (Ex: Sun SPARC) – Big Endian.
13. Representation of Information
Canonical Form
Convert internal representation while marshaling.
Ex:
2’s compliment for integers.
0 for ASCII.
1 for Boolean.
IEEE format for floating point no.
14. Pointer Passing
One way is to forbid the pointers & reference parameters
in general. – Highly undesirable
One strategy is copying the whole array/structure
(simple) into message.
Call by reference is replaced by copy/restore.
Optimization – Buffer knows if stub is an input / output
parameter. (Twice as efficient).
Pointer is followed (dereferenced) by putting it in the
register. – Highly Inefficient.
15. Dynamic Binding
Hardwiring network add. of server into client – Extremely
Inflexible
To avoid problems like
Replication of server
Relocation
Migration
Interface Change
16. Server’s Specification :For Stateless Server
Server
Version number
List of procedures provided by server
in: file sent from client to server.
out: sent from server to client
in out: in + out (Copy/Restore)
bytes: no. of bytes to be transferred.
position: where in file to begin
buf: data requested by client is
placed here by file server.
18. Disadvantages
Overhead Exporting & Importing
Costs Time
Many short lived client process may have to start over again.
Binder may act as bottleneck in distributed system.
Registering / Deregistering of interfaces creates more
overhead.