4. 4
Waterfowl have over 5000 years
been used by human for meat, fattened
livers and eggs (Stani-slaw, 1999).
Waterfowl as one of the poultry kind
which could by used in solving the lack
of animal protein in human nutrition.
Water fowl is more convenient for
regions with hot and humid climate than
chickens.
8. One of the large table birds is the
Muscovy duck. Muscovy ducks are
very large bird, have a better
adaptability to hot climate and suitable
for small scale rural farmers in Africa
especially in Egypt, and could
contribute to food security.
8
12. As reported in FAO STATE,
(2009). Egypt is the leading
producer of duck meat production
in Africa with 39,000 tons meat.
This indicated that waterfowl
production in general is getting
more attention in Egypt as a source
of animal protein.
12
13. Force-feeding is an ancient
practice, first recorded in ancient
Egypt, but until the 1950’s fatty liver
production remained somewhat limited
in volume. Foie gras is currently
produced in various countries but
approximately 80% of world
production and consumption takes
place in France,(CIFOG 2002).
13
17. The tradition of force-feeding
is very old, originating from Egypt
2500 BC, (Guemene and Guy,
2004). However, although force
feeding is an ancient practice in
Egypt and only few species of
waterfowl are nowadays used for
fatty liver production.
17
18. Unfortunately, very few data
are available on the metabolic
response to force feeding,
especially the information about the
overfeeding of Muscovy duck on
some productive and physiological
traits of this breed is not reported
till now.
18
19. Also, the investigation will
include some factors affecting on
force feeding period. Thus, the
present study was designed to
evaluate the performance of force
fed duck under Egyptian condition
(hot Climate).
19
21. 21
This present study was carried
out at the poultry research station,
Animal Production Department,
Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar
University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.
22. Birds and diets.
Growth and force feeding performance.
Chemical analysis.
Blood analysis.
Statistical analysis.
22
23. Birds and diets.
One day – 14
day.
Unsexed.
Starter diet:
22% C.P
2900 K.Cal
23
24. Growing period
From 2 – 12
weeks.
Sexing.
Growing diet:
18 % C.P
3000 K.Cal
24
25. Force feeding period
From 12 - 14
weeks (14 days)
Sex & BW groups
Force feeding
applied
twice/day
Force feeding
diets (H.D.E.)
8.20 % C.P
3350 K.Cal
25
26. * Growth performance during
growing period:
Live body weight (LBW).
Body weight gain (BWG).
Feed consumption (FC).
Feed conversion ratio (FCR).
Every 2 weeks from 2 -12 Wks of age.
26
27. * Growth performance during
force feeding period:
Live body weight (LBW).
Body weight gain (BWG).
Feed consumption (FC).
Feed conversion ratio (FCR).
Before & After
27
29. * Chemical analysis:
(meat & liver)
Moisture
Crude protein
Ether extract
Ash
Association of Official Analytic Chemists
(A.O.A.C, 2000).
29
30. * Blood analysis:
Total Protein (TP)
Albumin (Alb.)
Globulin (Glob.)
A/G ratio
Total lipids (TL)
Triglycerides (Tri-G)
Using suitable kits.
Cho.
HDL
LDL
ALT
AST
30
34. Table (1): Effect of sex on live body weight (g) of Muscovy
.ducks during growing period
34
Where:
(M ± S.E) = Mean ± Standard error.
a , b = Significant difference between sex in the same age.
Age (weeks) Males Females
Initial body weight
At: 14 days
335.93 a ± 4.03 307.17 b ± 3.37
4 Week 1196.21 a ± 11.44 930.00 b ± 11.22
6 Week 1996.38 a ± 12.96 1650.33 b ± 18.05
8 Week 2798.88 a ± 30.33 2290.00 b ± 30.07
10 Week 3796.64 a ± 35.88 2600.83 b ± 28.93
12 Week 4774.02 a ± 39.82 3090.08 b ± 32.13
35. Live body weight during fattening period
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
2 wks 4 wks 6 wks 8 wks 10 wks 12 wks
Males
Females
35
41. Effect of force feeding
on
LBW and BWG
of
Muscovy ducks
during fattening period41
42. Table ( 3 ): Effect of force feeding, sex and body weight
on body weight and body weight gain of Muscovy ducks.
42
Where: (M ± S.E)= Mean ± Standard error.
P = Probability level for the effect of sex during force feeding.
*,**, NS = Significant (P ≤ 0.05), high significant (P < 0.01),non significant (P > 0.05).
a,b,c = Significant difference between body weight groups for the same parameter.
Parameters
Groups
Sex
P
Males Females
Body weight
before force feeding
(g)
1 5222.78 a ± 42.19 3313.33 a ± 44.14 *
2 4761.36 b ± 77.46 2884.38 c± 52.89 *
3 4316.15 c ± 60.36 -----
Body weight after
force feeding
(g)
1 6510.00 a ± 88.30 3851.67 a ± 40.15 *
2 6033.64 b ± 71.34 3447.50 b ± 53.71 *
3 5808.53 b ± 90.45 -----
Body weight
gain
(g)
1 1287.22 a ± 0.23 538.33 a ± 87.07 *
2 1272.27 a ± 0.39 563.13 a ± 24.87 *
3 1493.15 a ± 75.36 -----
Body weight
gain
(%)
1 24.65 b ± 1.88 16.31 b ± 1.77 *
2 26.78 b ± 1.84 19.62 a ± 0.87 *
3 34.58 a ± 1.86 -----
43. Live Body Weight (g)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
HM MM LM HF LF
Before
After
43
44. Body Weight Gain (g)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
HM MM LM HF LF
BWG (g)
44
45. Body Weight Gain (%)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
HM MM LM HF LF
BWG (%)
45
46. Effect of force feeding
on
FC and FCR
of
Muscovy ducks
during fattening period46
47. Table ( 4 ): Effect of force feeding, sex and body weight on
feed consumption and feed conversion of Muscovy ducks.
47
Parameters
Groups
Sex
P
Males Females
Feed consumption
(kg)
1 9.100 a
± 0.00 9.100 a
± 0.00 NS
2 9.100 a
± 0.00 9.100 a
± 0.00 NS
3 9.100 a
± 0.00 ----
Feed Conversion
1 7.31 a
± 0.44 17.21 a
± 0.40 **
2 7.47 a
± 0.30 16.45 a
± 0.76 **
3 6.14 a
± 0.37 ----
Where:
(M ± S.E)= Mean ± Standard error.
P = Probability level for the effect of sex during force feeding.
*,**, NS = Significant (P ≤ 0.05), high significant (P < 0.01),non significant (P > 0.05).
a,b,c = Significant difference between body weight groups for the same parameter.
64. Effect of force feeding
on
Chemical composition
of
Muscovy duck meat
during fattening period64
65. Table ( 7 ): Effect of force feeding, sex and body weight on body
chemical composition of Muscovy ducks.
Parameters
Groups Males Females
P3 P4
Before After P1 Before After P2
Moisture
(%)
1 73.28a ± 0.40 51.32b ± 0.66 ** 73.99a ± 0.19 52.90 b ± 0.81 ** NS NS
2 74.00 a ±0.33 55.07 a ± 1.15 ** 74.17 a ± 0.30 55.29 a ± 0.74 ** NS NS
3 73.89 a ± 0.31 56.01 a ± 0.95 ** ---- ----
Crude Protein
(%)
1 18.73 a ± 0.23 13.57 b ± 0.26 ** 19.01 a ± 0.25 13.93 a ± 0.63 ** NS NS
2 19.00 a ± 0.26 13.47 b ± 0.37 ** 18.61 a ± 0.22 12.35 a ± 0.61 ** NS NS
3 18.65 a ± 0.14 15.20 a ± 0.72 ** ---- ----
Ether Extract
(%)
1 4.01 a ± 0.26 31.67 a ± 0.77 ** 4.03 a ± 0.42 30.09 a ± 0.38 ** NS NS
2 3.93 a ± 0.20 28.22 a ± 1.40 ** 3.97 a ± 0.25 28.81 a ± 1.12 ** NS NS
3 4.17 a ± 0.29 26.11 b ± 0.32 ** ---- ----
Ash
(%)
1 1.48 a ± 0.08 1.27 a ± 0.11 NS 1.64 a ± 0.10 1.19 a ± 0.09 ** NS NS
2 1.46 a ± 0.07 1.22 a ± 0.07 * 1.73 a ± 0.06 1.20 a ± 0.01 ** * NS
3 1.40 a ± 0.06 1.20 a ± 0.06 * ---- ----
65
74. Table ( 8 ): Effect of force feeding, sex and body weight on liver
weight (g) and (%) of Muscovy ducks.
Parameters
Groups
Sex
P
Males Females
Liver weight
before force feeding
(g)
1 75.00 a ± 1.82 52.25 a ± 1.03 *
2 63.33 b ± 1.81 39.00 a ± 1.06 *
3 57.00 c ± 1.08 -----
Liver
(%)
of body weight before
force feeding
1 1.43 a ± 0.03 1.55 a ± 0.02 *
2 1.34 a ± 0.05 1.67 a ± 0.04 *
3 1.35 a ± 0.04 ------
Liver weight
after force feeding
(g)
1 293.54 a ± 10.03 107.50 a ± 1.86 *
2 287.50 a ± 10.03 100.00 a ± 1.23 *
3 284.29 a ± 11.77 -----
Liver
(%)
of body weight after
force feeding
1 4.52 c ± 0.34 3.26 b ± 0.17 *
2 4.75 a b ± 0.31 3.48 a ± 0.13 *
3 4.86 a ± 0.27 ----- 74
91. Table ( 11): Effect of force feeding, sex and body weight on Plasma levels of Total
Lipids, Triglycerides and Cholesterol of Muscovy ducks
Parameters
Groups
Males Females
P3 P4
Before After P1 Before After P2
Total
Lipids
(mg/dl )
1 922.71a ± 9.28 2837.71 a ± 56.17 ** 766.43 a ± 11.33 2029.39 a ± 81.19 ** ** **
2 877.71 b ± 15.73 2740.43 a ± 37.21 ** 698.43 b ± 19.28 1744.00 a ±115.62 ** ** **
3 822.29 c ± 14.91 2351.07 b ± 86.08 ** ---- ----
Triglyceride
(mg/dl )
1 64.18 a ± 2.22 225.27 a ± 7.81 ** 65.11 a ± 3.65 128.27 a ± 7.18 ** NS **
2 68.93 a ± 1.49 216.43 a ± 4.68 ** 67.99 a ± 1.70 132.59 a ± 3.32 ** NS **
3 66.54 a ± 1.39 221.58 a ± 4.63 ** ---- ----
Cholesterol
(mg/dl )
1 157.93 a ± 6.26 310.06 a ± 8.84 ** 167.57 a ± 6.12 231.26 a ± 3.86 ** NS **
2 151.87 a ± 4.55 271.78 b ± 6.37 ** 163.50 a ± 6.45 218.82 a ± 5.93 ** NS **
3 156.38 a ± 5.86 274.64 b ± 6.05 ** ---- ----
91
96. Table ( 12 ): Effect of force feeding, sex and body weight on Plasma levels of HDL,
LDL, ALT and AST of Muscovy ducks.
Parameter
Groups Males Females
P3 P4
Before After P1 Before After P2
HDL
(mg/dl )
1 61.58a ± 1.82 148.78 a ± 5.63 ** 59.10 a ± 1.41 113.71 a ± 2.50 ** NS **
2 62.40 a ± 2.61 145.92 a ± 3.10 ** 60.41 a ± 1.26 109.94 a ± 3.67 ** NS **
3 65.44 a ± 3.07 141.93 a ± 3.77 ** ---- ----
LDL
(mg/dl )
1 85.52 a ± 5.46 105.06 a ± 3.54 ** 90.40 a ± 3.86 95.18 a ± 3.48 ** * *
2 75.68 b ± 6.54 103.66 a ± 2.65 ** 89.49 a ± 7.62 94.64 a ± 2.42 ** * *
3 77.63 b ± 7.79 103.13 a ± 5.12 ** ---- ----
ALT
(U/L )
1 27.43 a ± 1.65 126.33 a ± 9.10 ** 25.29 b ± 0.68 72.71 a ± 3.84 ** NS **
2 24.86 a ± 1.08 105.87 b ± 2.34 ** 28.00 a ± 0.69 66.57 a ± 1.96 ** ** **
3 28.14 a ± 1.50 107.12 b ± 4.05 ** ---- ----
AST
(U/L )
1 162.71 a ± 7.09 5852.72 b ± 19.7 ** 140.14 a ± 7.86 483.49 a ± 27.12 ** ** **
2 158.57 a ± 5.96 576.97 b ± 17.33 ** 135.86 a ± 6.03 452.40 a ± 20.09 ** ** **
3 167.00 a ± 6.89 631.83 a ± 10.95 ** ---- ----
96
102. 1- Muscovy duck is an
excellent meat type ducks.
Body weight reaches 5.00
kg in males and 3.10 kg in
females at 12 weeks of age..
102
103. 2- Females should be fattened
till the 10th week only then
marketing to have a good and
economical feed conversion
and males will marketing at 12
weeks.
103
104. 3- Males only are suitable
for force feeding than
females to achieve a fast
increase in body weight in a
short time & to produce
fatty liver.
104
106. Although the results
obtained, the research
needs more future work to
get the global weights of
fatty liver (Foie Gras).
106
107. By:
1. Using the specialized strains.
2. Improve the feeding system &
force feeding machine.
3. Give more attention to diets
quantities & diets qualities.
107