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Kotla mubarakpur (at a glance)

13 Oct 2016
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Kotla mubarakpur (at a glance)

  1. KOTLA MUBARAKPUR SUBMITTED BY: ACHINT MIGLANI ANUBHAV KAPOOR CHAYAN KHURANA MANNAT GUPTA SAMARITI DAHIYA
  2. INTRODUCTION URBAN VILLAGE CO CCO VILLAGES OF DELHI CO C ACCORDING TO CENSUS DATA FROM 2001, DELHI’S URBANIZATION LEVEL WAS 93.01 PER CENT, AND NUMEROUS STUDIES AND GOVERNMENTS DOCUMENTS REVEAL THAT MORE THAN HALF OF THESE RESIDENTS LIVE IN UNPLANNED SETTLEMENTS.  “URBAN VILLAGE TYPICALLY WOULD MEAN A WELL-PLANNED SET-UP WITH A VILLAGE-CONCEPT OF BEING FAIRLY SELF-SUFFICIENT AND NOT HAVING THE NEED TO TRAVEL LONG DISTANCES TO GET DAILY THINGS DONE. WHAT IS MOST IMPORTANT, PERHAPS, IS THAT IT’S INTENDED TO TACKLE THE PROBLEM OF INCREASING POPULATION IN CITIES.”  RURAL VILLAGES: 227  RURAL POPULATION: 6.82% IN 37.64% OF LAND  URBANIZED VILLAGES: 135  URBAN POPULATION: 8.47 MILLION IN 1991 TO 16.75 MILLION IN 2011 (MORE THAN 55% GROWTH) PUTTING PRESSURE AND INCREASING RISKS.  GOVERNMENT IN THE PROCESS TO URBANIZE THE RURAL VILLAGES TO REDUCE MIGRATION AND PRESSURE THUS INSTIGATING SPRAWL.  UNPLANNED AND HAPHAZARD URBAN GROWTH. CO C INTRODUCTION  KOTLA MUBARAKPUR WAS A MEDIEVAL VILLAGE SETTLED IN THE 15TH CENTURY IN THE PRESENT SOUTH DELHI.  IT IS A HISTORICAL COMPLEX WITH TOMBS OF RULERS AND GOVERNORS FROM SAYYID AND LOD HI DYNASTY.  TODAY IT IS A BUSTLING MARKETPLACE AND A DENSELY POPULATED URBAN VILLAGE. CO CCO C COMMUNITY KUSUMPUR PAHARI LOCATION KOTLA MUBARAKPUR: MEDIEVAL VILLAGE IN ZONE D. CLASSIFIED BY DDA AS URBAN VILLAGE IN 1971. ORIGIN SPORADIC LAND ENCROACHMENT AREA 96 ACRES POPULATION 27,000 (2011) DENSITY 710 PPH KEY SOURCES OF EMPLYOMENT DOMESTIC WORK IN DEFENSE COLONY AND SOUTH EXTENSION. SMALL-SCALE ENTERPRISE. PAID WORK OUTSIDE COMMUNITY. LOCALITIES KOTLA, PILANJI, KHAIRPUR, ALIGANJ AND JODBAGH. CLASSIFIED BY THE DELHI DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (D.D.A.) AS AN URBAN VILLAGE, ITS HISTORY CAN BE TRACED TO THE PROMINENT TOMB OF MUIZUD DIN MUBARAK SHAH, SON OF KHIZR KHAN OF THE SAYYID DYNASTY OF THE 15TH CENTURY. URBAN PLANNING  URBAN PLANNING IS A TECHNICAL AND POLITICAL PROCESS CONCERNED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF LAND, PROTECTION AND USE OF THE ENVIRONMENT, PUBLIC WELFARE, AND THE DESIGN OF THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT, INCLUDING AIR, WATER, AND THE INFRASTRUCTURE PASSING INTO AND OUT OFURBAN AREAS, SUCH AS TRANSPORTATION, COMMUNICATIONS, AND DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS.
  3. LOCATION AND ACCESSIBILITY METRO AND RAILWAY STATIONS ROAD NETWORK BUS STANDS MAHATAMA GANDHI MARG (24 M WIDE) PRIMARY ROAD BHISHMA PITAMAG MARG (18 M WIDE) SECONDARY ROAD THERE ARE TWO MAJOR BUS STANDS IN CLOSE PROXIMITY. 1 2 JANGPURA METRO STATION (2.5 KM) LAJPAT NAGAR METRO STATION (2 KM) LOCATION MAP OF DELHI LOCATING KOTLA MUBARAKPUR MAP OF SOUTH EXTENSION LOCATING KOTLA MUBARKPUR LOCATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE  KOTLA MUBARAKPURIS SURROUNDED BY POSH COLONIES ( DEFENCE COLONTY) AND MARKETS WHICH GENERATE EMPLOYMENT OPPURTUNITIES FOR THE PEOPLE LIVING THERE LIKE HOUSE MAIDS, DRIVERS, SERVANTS, SECURITY GAURDS ETC. KOTLA MUBARAKPUR SEWA NAGAR RAILWAY STATION (0.8 KM) LODHI COLONY RAILWAY STATION (3 KM) 1 2 SUKHDEV MARKET BUS STOP (0.3 KM) DEFENCE COLONY BUS STOP (0.5 KM) 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 ACCESSIBILITY  KOTLA MUBARAKPUR VILLAGE IS LOCATED NEAR DEFENCE COLONY IN SOUTH EX, NEW DELHI.  THE SETTLEMENT IS BEEN THERE FROM THE 15TH CENTURY, LODHI DYNASTY.  THE VILLAGE IS SURROUNDED BY POSH COLONIES AND POSH MARKETS.
  4. NEIGHBOURHOOD AND LANDMARKS NEIGHBOURHOOD LANDMARKS SAFDARJUNG HOSPITAL (4.2 KM) AIIMS (3.2 KM) JAWAHARLAL NEHRU STADIUM (1.5 KM) SAFDARGANJ AIRPORT AUTHORITY (2.4KM) CO CCO TODAY KOTLA MUBARAKPUR IS SURROUNDED BY POSH LOCALITIES SUCH AS DEFENCE COLONY ON THE EAST, SO UTH EXTENSION PART 1 ON THE SOUTH, KIDWAI NAGAR ON THE WEST AND LODHI ESTATE ON THE NORTH. CO CCO INFERENCE  THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF KOTLA MUBARAKPUR HELPS TO GENERATE JOB OPPURTUNITIES FOR THE PEOPLE LIVING THERE. FOR EXAMPLE EMPLOYMENT IN HOUSES AS DRIVERS, HOUSE MAIDS ETC.
  5. HISTORY EVOLUTION AREAS INHABITED BY DISPLACED PE OPLE POST INDIA‐PAKISTAN PARTITI ON (1947). KOTLA, THE OLDEST SETTLEMENT W HICH ORIGINATED IN THE 15TH CEN TURY. THE ALIGANJ & PILANJI GROUP OF SETTLEMENT, FORMED BY FAMILIES REHABILITATED AFTER EVICTION F ROM AREAS WHICH WERE ACQUIR ED FOR THE NEW DELHI CAPITAL PR OJECT. AREAS INHABITED BY GROUPS OF MIGRANTS WHO CAME TO DELHI MAINLY AS LABOURERS DURING D IFFERENT PHASES OF THE CAPITAL C ONSTRUCTION PROJECT (1911‐47). HISTORICAL BACKGROUND C 15TH CENTURY 17TH CENTURY (1911‐47) (1947) C  KOTLA MUBARAKPUR IS AN URBAN VILLAGE LIKE MEHRAULI AROUND WHICH THE SPRAWLING, MODERN COMMERCIAL DISTRICT OF SOUTH EX AND PRIME RESIDENTIAL AREAS LIKE DEFENCE COLONY HAS GROWN UP.  THE ORIGINAL VILLAGE DATES BACK TO THE SAYYID ERA WHICH WAS A SHORT LIVED ONE THAT FOLLOWED THE TUGHLAQS BUT WAS SOON OVERTHROWN BY THE LODHIS IN THE 15TH CENTURY. MOST OF THE SURVIVING MONUMENTS ARE FROM THE SAYYID AND LODHI ERA.
  6. BASE MAP RING ROAD
  7. LANDUSE PATTERN INFERENCE:  IT HAS A MIXED USE DEVELOPMENT PATTERN.  THE LOCALITY IS BASICALLY RESIDENTIAL ZONE WITH MARKETS TO SUPPORT THE DAILY NEEDS.  IT HAS NO PARKS OR OPEN RECREATIONAL ACTIVITY CENTRE DEDICAT ED TO THE COMMUNITY APART FROM SOME MONUMENTS AND THE IR SURROUNDING ENVELOPE. COMMERCIAL AREA RESIDENTIAL AREA OPEN SPACES SOUTH-EX MARKET TEMPLES MIXED USE RESIDENTIAL OPEN SPACES TEMPLES SOUTH-EX MARKET LEGEND
  8. CIRCULATION PATTERN MOTORABLE CIRCULATION  THE MAJOR ROADS ON WHICH THE COMMERCIAL SECTOR OF KOTLA MUBARAKPUR IS CONCENTRATED FOR EXAMPLE, GURDWARA ROAD, SHER SINGH ROAD ETC ARE ALL MOTARABLE.  THE WIDTH OF THE ROADS IS 8-10 M.  ALL THE MOTARABLE ROADS ARE CEMENTED. PEDESTRIAN CIRCULATION  THE ROADS ON WHICH THE MAJOR MARKET SHOPS ARE NOT PRESENT ARE ALL NON MOTARABLE AND INVOLVE PEDESTRIAN CIRCULATION.  THE WIDTH OF THE ROADS IS 2.5-3.4 M. PARKING  NO OFFICAL SPACE FOR PARKING IS PROVIDED , THE RESIDENTS PARK THEIR VEHICLES ON THE OUTSKIRTS OF THE VILLAGE.  THE CONJESTION IN VEHICULAR MOVEMENT INCREASES BEACAUSE OF THE SMALL WIDTH OF THE ROADS AND SOME PEOPLE PARK THEIR CARS ON THE MAJAOR MOTARABLE ROADS. INFERENCE  THERE IS NO PROPER CIRCULATION PATTERN IN THE AREA.  THE WIDTH OF THE ROADS IS VERY LESS WHICH RESULTS IN CONJESTION OF THE VEHICULAR TRAFFIC.  BOTH THE PEDESTRIAN AND VEHICULAR ROADS ARE IN A VERY BAD CONDITION. PARKING VEHICULAR MOVEMENT
  9. PRIMARY ROAD TERTIARY ROADSECONDARY ROAD WEEKLY MARKETS THE WEEKLY MARKETS IS ONLY ON MONDAYS BUT BLOCKS THE ENTIRE ROAD AND CREATES PROBLEMS FOR THE RESIDENTS. VENDORS THE VENDORS STAND ANY WHERE THEY WANT, IT CREATES CONJESTION ON THE ROADS AND HENCE TRAFFIC. INFORMAL ACTIVITIES MANY PEOPLE HAVE MADE A TEMPORARY SHOP FOR THEM ON THE ROAD SIDE, WHICH IS ILLEGAL AND RDUCES THE ROAD WIDTH. HEIRARCHY OF MOVEMENT PATTERN 7-8 METERS 5-6 METERS 2-3METERS
  10. HOUSING TYPOLOGY EVOLUTION OF HOUSING TYPOLOGY STRUCTURAL STRENGTH  BUILT & DESIGNED BY CONTRACTORS WITHOUT P RIOR STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OR APPROVAL OF TH E AUTHORITIES & COST CUTTING TECHNIQUES , T HESE BUILDINGS CAN BE TERMED STRUCTURALLY UNSAFE. INFERENCE  URBAN GEOMETRY OF KOTLA MUBARAKPUR IS COMPOSED OF NARROW STREETS FLANKED WITH SHOPS ON EITHER SIDES & RESIDENCES UPSTAIRS IS A COMMON SITE.  IT IS AN UNPLANNED MUSHROOM GROWTH WITH HETEROGENEOUS CHARACTERISTICS. STRUCTURE KACCHA CONSTRUCTION RCC CONSTRUCTION PLANNING BUILDING HEIGHTS THE HOUSEHOLD SIZE WAS BIG BECAUSE THERE WAS NO CONJESTION THE HOUSEHOLD SIZE IS COMPARITIVELY SMALL TODAY BECAUSE OF INCREASE IN POPULATION THE VERTICAL EXPANSION OF BUILDINGS WAS VERY LESS. THE MAXIMUM HEIGHTS UPTO G+1. THE VERTICAL EXPANSION IS A COMMON PHENOMENA AND BUILDING HEIGHTS ARE UPTO G+4. AVERAGE HEIGHT OF THE BUILDINGS  THE AVERAGE HEIGHT OF THE BUILDINGS LIES BETWEE N 10 M TO 15 M. SOME OF THE STRUCTURES ARE SINGLE STOREYED ALSO. DISTANCE BETWEEN BUILDINGS  THE DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO BUILDINGS IS VERY LESS (1 M) ON THE PEDESTRIAN ROADS  WHEREAS THE DISTANCE IS QUITE LARGE ON VEHICULAR ROADS.
  11. ADDITION : THERE WAS AN ADDITION TO THE SINGLE STOREY STRUCTURES, THE SINGLE STOREY STRUCTURES WERE CONVERTED INTO G+1. TRANSITION IN CONSTRUCTION EXISTING ADDITION CONVERSION RECONSTRUCTION COMMERCIAL RESIDENTIAL THE ABOVE FIGURES DEPICT THE TRANSITION IN CONSTRUCTION IN THE VILLAGE OF KOTLA MUBARAKPUR, IT DEPICTS THE EVOLUTION OF THE STRUCTURES FROM THE 16TH CENTURY WHEN THE SETTLEMENT BEGAN TILL THE PRESENT DATE. EXISTING : THE EXISTING STRUCTURES WERE GENERALLY SINGLE STOREY. CONVERSION : THE GROUND FLOORS WERE CONVERTED FROM A RESIDENTIAL USE TO COMMERCIAL USE FOR A MODE OF INCOME. RECONSTRUCTION : FURTHER MORE FLOORS WERE ADDED TO THE STRUCTURES FOR RENTAL PURPOSES, AS IT SERVED AS A SOURCE OF IN COME. INFERENCE :  FOR MAX. POPULATION, PROPERTY RENT IS THE REASON FOR PHYSICAL TRANSFORMATIONS OF THEIR DWELLING AND THUS, THEIR MAIN SOURCE OF INCOME.  THE PHYSICAL TRANSFORMATION IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DECREASEIN THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE BUILDING LESSS BECAUSE OF THE PROJECTING BALCONIES.  THE CONVERSION OF THE GROUND FLOORS TO COMMERCIAL USE IS ALSO FOR IN COME PURPOSES SUPPORTED BY RESIDENTIAL USE ON THE UPPER FLOORS.
  12.  IT WAS FOUND THAT THE NUMBER OF MALES OUTNUMBERS THE NUMBER OF FEMALES IN THE TOTAL COMPOSITION OF THE VILLAGE.  THIS HAS ALSO BEEN HIGHLIGHTED IN THE STUDY BY CAPLAN WHO SAYS THAT IN THE CASE OF RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION, MALES ARE MORE IN NUMBER THAN FEMALES.  AS SHOWN IN TABLE, THERE ARE 57% MALE RESPONDENTS AS COMPARISON TO 43% FEMALE RESPONDENTS. GENDER COMPOSITION GENDER NUMBER PERCENTAGE MALE 15241 57% FEMALE 11708 43% TOTAL 26949 100 MALES FEMALES 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 Population 2164 4691 8581 17321 26949 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000  THE CHART BELOW DEPICTS THE CHANGE IN TH POPULATION OF KOTLA MUBARKPUR OVER HE YEARS.  AS DEPICTED IN THE CHART THE POPULATION HAS INCREASED FROM 2,100 IN THE YEAR 1971 TO 27,00 IN THE YEAR 2011. POPULATION OCCUPATION PERCENTAGE SERVICE 60% SELF-EMPLOYED 38% DAIRY ACTIVITY 2% 60% 38% 2% Service Self-employed Dairy activity  IT WAS FOUND OUT THAT FOR A MAJORITY OF THE POPULATION, THEIR JOBS ARE SERVICE SECTR BASED.  FOR MAX. POPULATION, PROPERTY RENT IS THE REASON FOR PHYSICAL TRANSFORMATIONS OF THEIR DWELLING AND THUS, THEIR MAIN SOURCE OF INCOME.  SMALL BUSINESSES FORM THE MAIN SHARE OF ALTERNATE INCOME. OCCUPATION DEMOGRAPHICS
  13. HERITAGE  KOTLA MUBARAKPUR IS A VILLAGE IN SOUTH DELHI, IT CONSISTS A NUMBER OF MONUMENTS BUT ARE NOT COMPACT IN ONE COMPOUND.  THESE MONUMENTS ARE SCATTERED OVER THE DENSELY POPULATED AREAS OF KOTLA MUBARAKPUR AND ITS ADJACENT AREAS SUCH AS KIDWAI NAGAR EAST AND SOUTH EXTENSION.  THE ORIGINAL VILLAGE DATES BACK TO THE SAYYID ERA WHICH WAS A SHORT LIVED ONE THAT FOLLOWED THE TUGHLAQS BUT WAS SOON OVERTHROWN BY THE LODHIS IN THE 15TH CENTURY.  MOST OF THE SURVIVING MONUMENTS ARE FROM THE SAYYID AND LODHI ERA. CO CCO
  14. PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE WATER SUPPLY  WATER IS SUPPLIED TWO TIMES IN A DAY, MORNING AND EVENING, THROGH SUPPLY LINES.  THE RESIDENTS COMPLAINED THAT THE SUPPLY WATER IS NOT FIT FOR DRINKUNG HENCE PEOPLE HAVE INSTALLED WATER PURIFIERS.  THE COMMUNITY ALSO CONSISTS OF PRIVATE WATER PLANTS WHICH SUPPLY WATER TO HOUSES IN CANS. ELECTRICITY  THERE IS A 24 HOUR ELECTRICAL SUPPLY IN KOTLA MUBARAKPUR, BUT PEOPLE MENTIONED ABOUT SMALL POWER CUTS  ELECTIRCITY IS SUPPLIED BY THE BSES.  EACH AND EVERY HOUSEHOLDS CONSISTS OF ITS OWN PRIVATE METER.  WIRES RUN ALONG THE STREETS IN A HAPHAZARD WAY, ALSO TRANSFORMERS ARE INSTALLED ALONG THE STREETS. SEWAGE AND DRAINAGE  KOTLA MUBARAKPUR CONSISTS OF A PROPER SEWERAGE SYSTEM BUT DUE TO INCREASE IN THE POPULATION THE LOAD ON THE SEWERAGE SYSTEM INCREASES WHICH RESULTS IN CHOKING.  WHENEVER CHOKING OCCURS THE GENERAL SCRETARY OF THE AREA COMPLAINS TO THE MCD AND THEN THE MCD OFFICIALS COME TO CLEAR THE BLOCKAGE. GARBAGE  THERE IS NO PROPER AREA WHICH IS DEFINED FOR DUMPING THE GARBGE.  PEOPLE OFTEN DUMP GARBAGE INFRONT OF THEIR HOUSES ON THE STREETS.  EVERY MORNING A MCD TRUCK COMES AND TO COLLECT ALL THE GARBAGE ON THE STREETS.  THE DUMPING OF GARBAGE ON THE STREETS CREATES A VERY UNHYGENIC CONDITION FOR THE PEOPLE LIVING. C CC
  15. SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE EDUCATION  THE VILLAGE OF KOTLA MUBARAKPUR CONSISTS OF FOUR GOVERNMENT SCHOOLS, ALL OF THEM ARE IN WORKING CONDITION  RECENTLY ONE OF THE SCHOOLS HAVE BEEN CONVERTED INTO AN E- SCHOOL.  THE SCHOOLS ARE TILL PRIMARY ONLY, THERE ARE NO SECONDARY SCHOOLS. HEALTH CARE FACILITES  NO HOSPITALS OR GOVERNMENTS CLINICS ARE PROVIDED IN THE VILLAGE, THE NEAREST HOSPITAL BEING AIIMS.  THE RESIDENTS COMMONLY USE AIIMSTHE COMMERCIAL AREA CONSISTS OF SOME SMALL PRIVATE CLINICS. PUBLIC TOILET FACILITY  THERE WERE FIVE PUBLIC TOILETS WHICH WERE CONSTRUCTED BY THE GOVERNMENT BUT THEY WERE BROKEN DOWN AND THE LAND WAS GIVEN TO VENDORS AND OTHER PEOPLE ON RENTAL BASIS ILLEGALLY.  RECENTLY MEENAKSHI LEKHI HAS PASSED THE CONTRUCTION OF TWO PUBLIC TOILETS IN THE LOCALITY. OTHER PUBLIC SPACES  THE OPEN AND GREEN SPACES IN KOTLA MUBARAKPUR ARE NOT SUFFICIENT TO CATER THE POPULATION AND ARE ILL-MAINTAINED.  THERE ARE NO FUNCTIONAL PARKS OR OPEN RECREATIONAL SPACE FOR PUBLI C IN THE LOCALITY.
  16. 1. ICCHA – THE DESIRE, KOTLA MUBARAKPUR  EDUCATION AND HEALTHCARE NGO  TIME SPAN – 2011 TILL PRESENT NGO’s – NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS  PROVIDED BEST POSSIBLE TREATMENT AND CARE; BUILDING BRIDGES BETWEEN MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS AND FAMILIES; SHARING INFORMATION AND EXPERIENCE; ACCESSING ADVANCES IN TREATMENT FROM AROUND THE WORLD.  PROVIDED AND FACILITATED ECONOMIC SUPPORT SO THAT AS FEW CHILDREN AS POSSIBLE SUFFER FOR LACK OF MONEY.  PROVIDED EMOTIONAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL SUPPORT FROM DIAGNOSIS, THROUGH TREATMENT AND BEYOND, INCLUDING CHEERFUL ENVIRONMENTS AT TREATMENT CENTERS.  PROVIDED INFORMAL EDUCATION TO KEEP CHILDREN IN THE HABIT OF LEARNING THOUGH TREATMENT AND BEYOND.  ENSURED CONTINUITY OF CARE AS APPROPRIATE THROUGH RELAPSE, PALLIATION OR BEREAVEMENT AND LOSS. C 3. CAN KIDS HOME AWAY HOME, KOTLA MUBARKPUR  HEALTHCARE – GENERALLY CANCER PATIENTS  YOUTH  EDUCATION  TIME SPAN – 2010 TILL PRESENT C C 2. SAKSHI, DEFENCE COLONY  EDUCATION  HEALTHCARE  ENVIRONMENTAL  ART AND CULTURE  RECREATIONAL AND SPORTS  TIME SPAN – 2000 TILL PRESENT C SOME EFFORTS BY NGO’S :
  17. LOCATION ISSUES  SURROUNDED BY WELL DEVELOPED COLONIES  POPULATION PRESSURE AND THUS HAPHAZARD CONSTRUCTION DEMOGRAPHIC ISSUES  LOW LITERACY RATE: LESS AWARENESS  HIGHER POPULATION DENSITY  LARGER FAMILY SIZES: LESSER FLOOR AREA/PERSON LEGAL ISSUES  UNCERTAIN PROPERTY TAXES  ILLEGAL ENCROACHMENTS  LAND DEALS UNACCOUNTED INFRASTRUCTURAL ISSUES  LACK OF BASIC CIVIC AMENITIES  STRUCTURAL WEAKNESSES  NARROWING LANES  POOR DRAINAGE AND SEWAGE CONDITIONS ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES  REDUCED GREEN AND OPEN SPACES  UNPROTECTED HERITAGE AREAS  UNORGANIZED WASTE DISPOSAL PROPOSED METRO LINE NEW MODIFIED HOUSING OPPORTUNITIES MORE SCHOOLS PROPOSED IN THE AREA HIGH DENSITY HOUSING APPROACH SELF HELP HOUSING SELF SUFFICIENCY AND EFFICIENCY FAR CHANGES DEMOLITION OF ENCROACHED CONSTRUCTION PROPER LAND RECORDS MAINTENANCE STRICTER TAXATION COLLABORATION OF ARCHITECTS/ENGINEERS, GOVT OFFICIALS VILLAGE OFFICIALS AND STAKEHOLDERS TRAFFIC DIVERSION PEDESTRIANIZATION OF INNER VILLAGE LANES URBAN DESIGN SOLUTIONS – VILLAGE CENTRE/SQUARE VERTICAL GREENS IDENTIFICATION AND DIRECTION SIGNS FOR HERITAGE SPOTS URBAN ISSUES

Notes de l'éditeur

  1. NGO’S and foundations wrking – bal s
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