1. OUTCOME MEASURE AND DRUGUSE MEASURES
ADHIN ANTONY XAVIER
Assistant Professor
CES college., KURNOOL
Andhra Pradesh
2. OUTCOME MEASUREMENT
The occurrence of pharmacoepidemiological outcomes is
commonly expressed by measurements such as,
• Prevalence
• Cumulative incidence and
• Incidence rate
3. PREVALENCE
It is concerned with the disease status
It is the proportion of people affected with a disease or exposed
to a particular drug in a population at a given time
It is usuallydetermined bysurveying the population of interest
Prevalence varies between 0-1, it can also be expressed as a
percentage
4. Prevalence = A/B
A- number of population with disease at a given time
B- total number of population at a given time
5. • It is a measure of the risk of developing some new
condition with in a specified period of time
• It is better expressed asa proportion or as a rate
INCIDENCE:
6. INCIDENCERATE:
• It is the number of new cases per unit of person-time at risk.
• It describes the probability of a new case occurring during a given
time interval
8. Monetary units
Numbers of prescription
Units of drug dispensed
Defined daily doses
Prescribed daily doses
Medication adherence measurement
DRUGUSE MEASURES:
9. MONETARY UNITS
• Drug usehas beenmeasuredin monetary units to quantify the amounts being
consumed by population
• It canindicate the burden ona society from drug use
• Monetary units are convenient & can beconverted to a commonunit, which
then allows for comparison
DISADVANTAGE:
quantities of drugs actually consumed are not known & prices may vary widely
10. • It has been used in research due to the availability & ease
DISADVANTAGE :
• quantities dispensed vary greatly as duration of treatment
NUMBER OF PRESCRIPTIONS
11. • Units of drug dispensed like tablets, vials is easy to obtain & can
beused to compareusage trends within population
DISADVANTAGE:
• No information is available on the quantities actually taken by the patient
• Determine the actual no. Ofpatients exposed to the drug
UNITS OF DRUG DISPENSED :
12. It is the estimated avg.Maintenance dose perday of a drug whenused in its
major indication
It is normally expressed as DDD/1000 patients/ / day
It is helpful in describing & comparing patterns of DU & provides denominator
data for estimation of ADR rates
It allows comparisons between drugs in the same therapeutic class
• DISADVANTAGE:
• problems arises when doses vary widely like with antibiotics orif the drug
has more than 1 major indication
DEFINED DAILY DOSES
13. PRESCRIBED DAILY DOSES
• It is the averagedaily dose of a drug that has actually been prescribed
• Calculated from representative sample of prescriptions
DISADVANTAGE:
it does notindicate number Of population exposedto drug
14. MEDICATION ADHERENCE MEASUREMENTS
• Biological Assays
• Pill Counts
• Weight of Topical Medications
• Electronic Monitoring
• Pharmacy Records and Prescription
Claims
• Patient Interviews
• Patient Estimates of Adherence