Presentation on the speed in sports with an analytical approach to the different manifestations (reaction, movement, displacement). The issues of the demonstrations in different modalities are discussed (soccer, rugby, American football, volleyball, basketball, boxing, baseball, gymnastics, swimming, etc.).

1. Understanding the
Speed in Sports
Adriano VretarosAdriano Vretaros
Strength and Conditioning CoachStrength and Conditioning Coach
São Paulo – BRAZILSão Paulo – BRAZIL
avretaros@gmail.comavretaros@gmail.com

2. Speed in Sports - I
●
DEFINITION:DEFINITION:
¨Complex action of conditioning capacity¨Complex action of conditioning capacity
neuromechanical of the locomotor systemneuromechanical of the locomotor system
in solving a task that requires quickin solving a task that requires quick
response on the part of the athlete. ¨response on the part of the athlete. ¨
(Adapted from Bompa & Haff, 2012 ; Platonov, 2008)(Adapted from Bompa & Haff, 2012 ; Platonov, 2008)

3. Speed in Sports - II
●
Law of PHYSICS (Kinematics):Law of PHYSICS (Kinematics):
Velocity:Velocity: distance timedistance time
mα=ΔV/Δt *mα=ΔV/Δt *
V2=v02+2αΔs **V2=v02+2αΔs **
●
average speedaverage speed
●
instantaneous velocityinstantaneous velocity

4. Terminology
SPEEDSPEED
IS DIFFERENTDIFFERENT
AccelerationAcceleration

5. Speed Characteristics
●
CyclicCyclic
●
AcyclicAcyclic

6. Differentiating Speeds
●
Cyclic:Cyclic: motor actions with periodicals
cycles of repetitions
●
Acyclic:Acyclic: there is no repeating cycles of
movements

7. Factors that Affect the Speed in Sports
●
1)1) Biochemical ProcessesBiochemical Processes
●
2)2) MuscularMuscular
●
3)3) BrainBrain
●
4)4) KinematicsKinematics
●
5)5) Interaction Between the Neural andInteraction Between the Neural and
Muscular SystemsMuscular Systems
●
6)6) GeneticsGenetics

8. Biochemical Processes in Speed
●
ATP-PCATP-PC ******
●
Anaerobic LacticAnaerobic Lactic ****
●
OxidativeOxidative **

9. Muscular Factors in Speed
●
1)1) Fiber TypeFiber Type 11)11) Pennation AnglePennation Angle
●
2)2) Viscosity FiberViscosity Fiber 12)12) Connective TissueConnective Tissue
●
3)3) Muscle ElasticityMuscle Elasticity 13)13) Fascicle LengthFascicle Length
●
4)4) Intramuscular CoordinationIntramuscular Coordination 14)14) Co-contractionCo-contraction
●
5)5) Intermuscular CoordinationIntermuscular Coordination
●
6)6) Basic StrengthBasic Strength
●
7)7) Maximum ForceMaximum Force
●
8)8) PowerPower
●
9)9) Explosive ForceExplosive Force
●
10)10) Muscle RelaxingMuscle Relaxing

10. Brain Factors in Speed
●
MarrowMarrow
●
Nerve ImpulseNerve Impulse
●
PerceptionPerception
●
Decision-makingDecision-making
●
Volitional FunctionVolitional Function

11. Kinematics Factors on the Speed
●
Movement TechniqueMovement Technique
●
Coordination MembersCoordination Members
●
Frequency MovementsFrequency Movements
●
Range of MotionRange of Motion
●
Relationship Levers Torso-extremitiesRelationship Levers Torso-extremities
(Barbanti, 1996)(Barbanti, 1996)

12. Interaction Between the Neural and Muscular
Systems to Generate Speed
●
Muscle CoordinationMuscle Coordination (time relative to(time relative to
movements on the body segments)movements on the body segments)
●
Muscle ActivationMuscle Activation (relative time of muscle(relative time of muscle
recruitment)recruitment)
(Almeida, 2009)(Almeida, 2009)

13. Genetics in Speed
GENETICS
BIOLOGICAL
LIMITS
Composition of
Muscle
Fibers
Anthropometric
Variables
1) ???
2) ???
3) ???
SEX
Age
Breed
andor
Ethnicity

14. Speed Macro-manifestations
●
Reaction SpeedReaction Speed
●
Movement SpeedMovement Speed
●
Displacement SpeedDisplacement Speed
Speed of
Endurance

15. Reaction Speed - I
●
Simple:Simple:
●
1) Anticipation1) Anticipation
●
2) Forecast:2) Forecast: a) temporala) temporal
b) spatialb) spatial
(Platonov, 2008)(Platonov, 2008)

16. Reaction Speed - II
Complex:Complex:
●
1) Disjunctive Reactions1) Disjunctive Reactions
●
2) Differential Reactions2) Differential Reactions
(Platonov, 2008)(Platonov, 2008)

17. Reaction Speed - III
●
AudioAudio
●
VisualVisual
●
TactileTactile
●
ProprioceptiveProprioceptive
●
MixedMixed
(Vagheti, 2003 ; Platonov, 2008)

18. Reaction Speed - IV
●
PerceptionPerception
●
DecisionDecision
●
RealizationRealization
(Nunes et al, 2006)(Nunes et al, 2006)

19. Reaction Speed – V
(Soares et al, 1987)
MODALITY SEX n AGE Reaction Time
(seg . 10 -3)
Track and Field M 16 17,53+-3,95 .192+-.032*
W 14 16,20+-1,93 .190+-.030**
Basketball M 16 15,31+-0,70 .201+-.016
W 14 14,57+-0,76 .203+-.026
Gymnastics M 10 15,40+-2,01 .200+-.017
W 07 15,00+-1,63 .206+-.014
Swimming M 17 12,53+-2,35 .221+-.034
W 16 12,13+-1,93 .228+-.021
Boxing M 06 22,33+-2,94 .225+-.022
W -- -- --
*F2.52=3.44. P<.05 **F2.84=6.15.p<.05

20. Reaction Speed - VI
RS or RT?
Cybex Reactor ®

21. Reaction Speed – VII
Volleyball: Cybex Reactor
●
Best ResultBest Result
(Adapted from Andrade et al, 2004)(Adapted from Andrade et al, 2004)
POSITION REACTION TIME
Opposite 0,005 ms *
Cutting edge 0,0998 ms *
Levator 0,1351 ms
Libero 0,4084 ms

22. Reaction Speed – VIII
Analytical Events
(Adapted from Rodrigues da Silva et al, 2007)
1) Start Signal 6) Electrical Stimulus
to Chemical
2) Excitement the
Receiver
7) Stimulus to the
Effector Member
3) Driving Excitement
Central Nervous
System
8) Excitation of the
Muscle Fiber
4) Interpretation and
Processing
9) Motor Response
5) Arrival at the Nerve
Terminal
10) Mechanical Activity

23. Movement Speed - I
●
Frequency of Movement per Unit TimeFrequency of Movement per Unit Time
(Weineck(Weineck apudapud Santos et al, 2010)Santos et al, 2010)

24. Movement Speed – II
Tests
●
Brady TestBrady Test
●
Russell-Lange TestRussell-Lange Test
●
French-Cooper TestFrench-Cooper Test
●
AAHPER TestAAHPER Test
●
McDonald TestMcDonald Test
●
Cornish TestCornish Test
(Loss et al, 1999)(Loss et al, 1999)

25. Movement Speed – III
Analysis of Cinemetry
●
Volleyball - CutVolleyball - Cut
(Loss et al, 1999)(Loss et al, 1999)
Ball
Average
Ball
Average
Fast Ball Fast Ball
MEAN SD MEAN SD
Ball 20,8 2,6 19,7 2,8
Fist 12,4 1,5 12,3 1,9
The Middle
Finger
16,0 2,9 15,7 3,2

26. Movement Speed – IV
Analysis of Cinemetry
●
Handball - ThrowHandball - Throw
(Loss et al, 1999)
Throw
Projection
Throw
Projection
Throw in
Suspension
Throw in
Suspension
7m shot 7m shot
Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD
Ball 20,8 2,3 19,9 3,2 19,5 2,4
Fist 13,4 1,3 12,4 1,4 11,1 2,2
The
Middle
Finger
17,7 2,0 16,6 2,8 16,3 2,6

27. Movement Speed – V
Analysis of Cinemetry
●
Futsal – KickFutsal – Kick
(Loss et al, 1999)(Loss et al, 1999)
Ball
Stopped
(beak)
Ball
Stopped
(beak)
Ball
Stopped
(chest)
Ball
Stopped
(chest)
Scrolled
Ball
(in favor)
Scrolled
Ball
(in favor)
S
Ball
(against)
S
Ball
(a)
MEAN SD MEAN SD MEAN SD MEAN SD
Ball 23,1 2,9 22,9 2,7 23,6 1,7 22,7 2,0
Ankle 16,4 0,8 15,6 1,6 15,8 3,1 15,5 2,8

28. Movement Speed – VI
Kung Fu Yau-Man: Cinemetry Palm Blow
(Pinto Neto et al, 2010)(Pinto Neto et al, 2010)
Individuals Mc
(Kg)
Va
(ms)
Vbf
(ms)
∆t
(ms)
V5
(ms)
1 54,80 6,9 9,2 87 6,3
1 54,80 8,3 10,7 80 7,3
2 69,05 8,0 10,5 90 7,1
2 69,05 8,7 12,1 127 7,9
3 80,80 8,7 11,4 127 8,1
3 80,80 8,0 11,3 127 7,2
MEAN 68,22 8,1 10,9 106 7,3

29. Movement Speed – VII
Basketball: relationship speed precision shot
(Okazaki et al, 2006)(Okazaki et al, 2006)

30. Movement Speed – VIII
Basketball: relationship speed precision shot
(Adapted from(Adapted from Okazaki et al, 2006)Okazaki et al, 2006)
Shoulder Elbow Fist
Short
2,8
m
Medium
4,6
m
Long
6,4
m
Short
2,8
m
Medium
4,6
m
Long
6,4
m
Short
2,8
m
Medium
4,6
m
Long
6,4
m
Max
angular
velocity
time (s)
0,65
+-
0,26
0,64
+-
0,22
0,59
+-
0,18
0,85
+-
0,15*
0,84
+-
0,10*
0,74
+-
0,13*
0,82
+-
0,15*
0,80
+-
0,14*
0,72
+-
0,13*
Max
angular
velocity
time (%)
73,7
+-
24,6
74,4
+-
24,7
79,0
+-
24,4
96,3
+-
3,2
96,8
+-
2,8
97,2
+-
2,3
98,6
+-
14,0
98,4
+-
12,3
98,4
+-
9,8

31. Movement Speed – IX
Tennis: Technique effects on upper limb
loading in the serve - I
●
Kinetic Measurements:Kinetic Measurements:
●
1)1) Shoulder ForceShoulder Force
●
2)2) Shoulder TorqueShoulder Torque
●
3)3) Elbow TorqueElbow Torque
(Elliot et al, 2003)(Elliot et al, 2003)

32. Movement Speed – X
Tennis: Technique effects on upper limb
loading in the serve - II
( Adapted from( Adapted from Elliot et al, 2003)Elliot et al, 2003)
Variable Male Players Female Players
Service Speeds 183 Kmh 149 Kmh
Shoulder Torque
(MER)
4,6%, 64,9 Nm* 3,5%, 37,5 Nm*
P<0,01
Peak Horizontal
Adduction Torque
7,6%* 6,5%*
P<0,01
Shoulder
Compressive Force
79,6%* 59,1%*
P<0,01
Absolute
Compressive Force
608,3 N 363,7 N
Peak Absolute Elbow
Varus Torque
78,3 Nm 58,2 Nm

33. Movement Speed – XI
Baseball Pitching
(Adapted from Fleisig et al, 1999)(Adapted from Fleisig et al, 1999)
Arm Cocking Phase Professional Players
Elbow Varus Torque (Nm) 64+-15
Shoulder Internal Rotation Torque ((Nm) 68+-15
Shoulder Anterior Force ((N) 390+-90
Arm Acceleration Phase
Elbow Flexion Torque (Nm) 58+-13
Arm Deceleration Phase
Elbow Proximal Force (N) 910+-140
Shoulder Proximal Force (N) 1070+-190
Shoulder Posterior Force (N) 390+-240
Shoulder Horizontal Abduction Torque
(Nm)
109+-85

34. Displacement Speed
●
A Correlation Between the Velocity of aA Correlation Between the Velocity of a
Given DistanceGiven Distance
(Weineck(Weineck apudapud Santos et al, 2010)Santos et al, 2010)

35. Displacement Speed
Classic Version in Cyclical Activities
●
1)1) Reaction Time at the StartReaction Time at the Start
●
2)2) AccelerationAcceleration
●
3)3) TransitionTransition
●
4)4) Maximum SpeedMaximum Speed
●
5)5) Speed of MaintenanceSpeed of Maintenance
●
6)6) DeceleratingDecelerating
(Parolis, 2008 ; Claro et al, 2012)(Parolis, 2008 ; Claro et al, 2012)

36. Displacement Speed
Classic Version of Acyclic Activities
●
1)1) Initial Body Position when AcceleratingInitial Body Position when Accelerating
●
2)2) Reaction VelocityReaction Velocity
●
3)3) Reactive ForceReactive Force
●
4)4) Maximum Athlete's Strength LevelsMaximum Athlete's Strength Levels
●
5)5) Specific Ability to Accelerate of the SportSpecific Ability to Accelerate of the Sport
●
6)6) Environmental Situation at the Time ofEnvironmental Situation at the Time of
AcceleratingAccelerating

37. Displacement Speed
Cyclic vs. Acyclic
●
Cyclical Sport:Cyclical Sport: Linear Speed=Linear Speed= (Maximum Speed)(Maximum Speed)
●
Acyclic Sport:Acyclic Sport: Linear Velocity + Multidirectional=Linear Velocity + Multidirectional=
(Functional Speed)(Functional Speed)

38. Displacement Speed
Ground Reaction Force (GRF)
●
Propulsive PhasePropulsive Phase
●
Horizontal ForceHorizontal Force
●
Vertical ForceVertical Force
●
Total ForceTotal Force
●
Ground per Unit Body WeightGround per Unit Body Weight
(Morin et al, 2011 ; Morin et al, 2015)(Morin et al, 2011 ; Morin et al, 2015)

39. Displacement Speed
Moving Body + Center of Mass
●
Produces HighProduces High Rates of Force DevelopmentRates of Force Development
(RFD)(RFD)
●
Tolerate theTolerate the Resultant Ground ReactionResultant Ground Reaction
Force (GRF)Force (GRF)
(Deweese et al, 2016)(Deweese et al, 2016)

40. Displacement Speed
GRF - Examples
(Duthie et al, 2006 ; Harrinson Bourke, 2009 ; Mathisen &(Duthie et al, 2006 ; Harrinson Bourke, 2009 ; Mathisen &
Pettersen, 2015 ; Robbins & Young, 2012)Pettersen, 2015 ; Robbins & Young, 2012)
SPORTS WEIGHT OF
ATHLETES
ACCELERATION
DISTANCES
SOCCER ~70-85 Kg
5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and
30 m
AMERICAN
FOOTBALL
~85-145 Kg 9,1, 18,3, 27,4 and
36,6 m
RUGBY ~80-120 Kg 10, 15, 20, 30 and
40 m

41. Displacement Speed
Coefficient of Friction with the Surface
SPORTS Interaction between
Footwear and Surface
Soccer Rubber over Grass
American Football Rubber over Grass
Rugby Rubber over Grass
Handball Rubber over Hard Floor
Volleyball Rubber over Hard Floor
Basketball Rubber over Hard Floor
Track and Field Rubber over Synthetic Floor
or Grass
Ice Hockey Steel over Ice
Artistic Skating Steel over Ice

42. Displacement Speed
The Coefficients of Friction - I
●
Static Friction (Us)Static Friction (Us)
●
Kinetic Friction (Uk)Kinetic Friction (Uk)
(Okuno & Fratin, 2003)(Okuno & Fratin, 2003)

43. Displacement Speed
The Coefficients of Friction - II
●
Low Friction ResistanceLow Friction Resistance
●
High Friction ResistanceHigh Friction Resistance
●
a) Translationa) Translation
●
b) Rotationb) Rotation
(Nigg & Segesser, 1988)(Nigg & Segesser, 1988)

44. Displacement Speed
American Football: Surfaces Tested
(Adapted from(Adapted from Kent et al, 2015)Kent et al, 2015)
Surface Artificial
Natural
Indoor
Outdoor
Approx.
age (years)
Test
translation
Test
rotation
Test trans.
drop
S1 N (KGB) Outdoor <1 3 3 9
S3 A Outdoor <1 3 2 3
S7 A Indoor <1 9 4 4
S5 A Outdoor 7 4 4 6
S4 A Indoor 6 4 4 6
S2 N (B.Grass) Outdoor 13 2 2 2
S6 A Indoor <1 2 2 3
S8 A Indoor 3 2 2 2

45. Displacement Speed
Coefficient of Friction with the Surface
● Force Breaking Inertia and Rubbing the Surface
● The Formulas:

46. Displacement Speed
Field Turf (FT) vs. Natural Grass (NG)
●
n= 24 - NCAA Division II College Football Playersn= 24 - NCAA Division II College Football Players
(Adapted from(Adapted from Gains et al, 2010)Gains et al, 2010)
TESTS FIELD TURF
(FT)
NATURAL GRASS
(NT)
40-yd dash times
using ET
5,34 (0,30) s 5,33 (0,33) s
40-yd dash times
using HT
5,06 (0,31) s 5,11 (0,29) s
Proagility 4,49 (0,28) s 4,64 (0,33) s

47. Displacement Speed
Analysis of the Time and Age in the Ranking
100 meters
●
100 Metres – n= 2000100 Metres – n= 2000 sprinters mensprinters men
(Claro & Santos, 2012)
Value 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Mean 0,42 0,46 0,44 0,42 0,48 0,42 0,425 0,36 0,54 0,43
Maxim 0,59 0,59 0,56 0,65 0,61 0,60 0,61 0,65 0,69 0,56
Minimum 0,19 0,20 0,13 0,17 0,22 0,14 0,19 0,11 0,21 0,18
SD 0,12 0,13 0,14 0,15 0,12 0,14 0,13 0,16 0,13 0,10
Value 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Mean 24,5 23,5 25 25,5 23 25 25 23 20 22,5
Maxim 36 37 36 35 34 35 36 32 33 34
Minimum 30 17 18 18 19 20 18 18 16 18
SD 5,1 5,7 4,9 4,8 4,9 4,5 5,0 4,1 5,4 4,7

48. Displacement Speed
Track and Field
●
N= 01N= 01 Female SprinterFemale Sprinter
●
Repetitions Launched inRepetitions Launched in Distance of 20 metersDistance of 20 meters
●
Previous Acceleration of 30 meters:Previous Acceleration of 30 meters:
●
11a11a. (2,32s). (2,32s)
●
12a.12a. (2,29s)(2,29s)
●
13a. (2,26s) ***13a. (2,26s) ***
●
14a14a. (2,30s). (2,30s)
●
Personal Best (2,35s) *Personal Best (2,35s) *
(Adapted from Parolis & Oliveira, 2008)(Adapted from Parolis & Oliveira, 2008)

49. Displacement Speed
Swimming - Water Displacement
●
Force Hydrodynamic DragForce Hydrodynamic Drag
●
Propulsive ForcePropulsive Force
●
FloatabilityFloatability

50. Displacement Speed
Swimming - Water Displacement
SWIMMER CHARACTERISTICS:SWIMMER CHARACTERISTICS:
●
Absolute Body Size (Weight, Height, Wingspan)Absolute Body Size (Weight, Height, Wingspan)
●
Body Size Relative (Somatotype)Body Size Relative (Somatotype)
●
Wingspan-height IndexWingspan-height Index
●
Diameter Index Biacromial- biiliocristalDiameter Index Biacromial- biiliocristal
●
Length of LimbsLength of Limbs
●
Diameters and CircumferencesDiameters and Circumferences
●
Size of the Feet and HandsSize of the Feet and Hands
●
Swimming TechniqueSwimming Technique
●
Frequency of Arm StrokeFrequency of Arm Stroke
●
Length of Arm StrokeLength of Arm Stroke

51. Displacement Speed
Swimming - Water Displacement
CRITICAL SPEEDCRITICAL SPEED - Calculation:- Calculation:
●
De (distance end)De (distance end)
●
Id (initial distance)Id (initial distance)
●
Ft (final time)Ft (final time)
●
St (start time)St (start time)
●
CS (critical speed)CS (critical speed)
●
Δd= Δde – ΔidΔd= Δde – Δid
●
Δt= Δft – ΔstΔt= Δft – Δst
●
CS= Δd Δt (ms)CS= Δd Δt (ms)
(Massetto et al, 2011)(Massetto et al, 2011)

52. Displacement Speed
Swimming: Correlations between Energy Cost (EC), Speed
Fluctuation (dv) and Swimming Velocity (v)
●
n= 17n= 17 elite swimmerselite swimmers
(Adapted from Barbosa et al, 2006)Barbosa et al, 2006)
EC and dv
controlling v
EC and v
controlling dv
Freestyle r= 0.62 (p<0.01) r=0.43 (p=0.05)
Backstroke r= 0.55 (p<0.01) r=0.56 (p<0.01)
Breaststroke r= 0.60 (p=0.01) r=0.86 (p<0.01)
Butterfly stroke r= 0.55 (p=0.01) r=0.51 (p=0.02)
Pooled sample r= 0.39 (p<0.01) r=0.16 (p=0.14)

53. Displacement Speed
Linear Speed in Soccer
●
n = 154 men players - First Divisionn = 154 men players - First Division
(Pasquarelli et al, 2009)(Pasquarelli et al, 2009)
Variables 10m 20m 30m 40m
Part-time
(s)
1,76+-0,10 1,25+-0,05 1,16+-0,04 1,15+-0,05
Cumulative
Time (s)
1,76+-0,10 3,01+-0,13 4,17+-0,15 5,32+-0,18
Speed
(ms)
5,70+-0,30 8,04+-0,29 8,62+-0,33 8,73+-0,40

54. Displacement Speed
Speed for Functions in Soccer
(Pasquarelli et al, 2009)
Distance
Defenders Sides Flywheels Midfielders Attackers
0 - 10 1,78+-0,11 1,73+-0,09 1,78+-0,09 1,76+-0,10 1,74+-0,09
10 - 20 1,26+-0,04 1,22+-0,04 1,25+-0,04 1,25+-0,05 1,23+-0,04
20 - 30 1,16+-0,04 1,15+-0,04 1,15+-0,05 1,17+-0,04 1,16+-0,05
30 - 40 1,15+-0,05 1,15+-0,06 1,14+-0,06 1,16+-0,05 1,15+-0,05
0 - 40 5,35+-0,19 5,26+-0,20 5,34+-0,17 5,32+-0,16 5,31+-0,16

55. Displacement Speed
Performance of the Speed in Young Soccer
Players
(Adapted fromAdapted from Mathisen & Pettersen, 2015)Mathisen & Pettersen, 2015)
Performance 10-12 years
(n=46)
13-14 years
(n=49)
15-16 years
(n=37)
10m sprint 2,18 (0,13)** 1,98 (0,13)** 1,77 (0,07)**
20m sprint 3,88 (0,23)** 3,49 (0,22)** 3,12 (0,24)**
10-20m sprint 1,68 (0,12)** 1,50 (0,10)**
**Significant
difference – 0,01
1,35 (0,06)**

56. Displacement Speed
Soccer: Correlation between Explosive Power
and Sprints of the Lower Limbs
●
10 m10 m sprintsprint (r= -0,74)(r= -0,74)
●
20 m20 m sprintsprint (r= -0,73)(r= -0,73)
●
30 m30 m sprintsprint (r= -0,81)(r= -0,81)
●
40 m40 m sprintsprint (r= -0,88)(r= -0,88)
(Pasquarelli et al, 2010)(Pasquarelli et al, 2010)

57. Displacement Speed
Soccer: Relationship of Vertical Jump to
Sprint and Change of Direction Speed
●
n= 36 players - NCAA Division IIn= 36 players - NCAA Division II
●
SpeedSpeed (10 and 30m),(10 and 30m), CODSCODS (T-test, pro agility),(T-test, pro agility), PowerPower
(CMJ, SJ)(CMJ, SJ)
(McFarland et al, 2016)(McFarland et al, 2016)
Players Correlations of Tests
Female 30m, pro agility and T-test with the CMJ
(r=-0,502 – 0,751)
SJ (r=-0,502 to -0,681)
Male 10, 30m with CMJ (r=-0,476 and -0,570)
and SJ (r=-0,443 and -0,553)

58. Displacement Speed
RUGBY: Initial and Maximal Velocity (V˙ max) achieved
during a maximal 60-m sprint
●
n= 17 rugby players (10 forwards and 7 backs)n= 17 rugby players (10 forwards and 7 backs)
●
Forwards:Forwards: Age: 23,5+-2,0Age: 23,5+-2,0
Height (cm): 186,9+-6,9Height (cm): 186,9+-6,9
Mass (kg): 107,3+-8,3Mass (kg): 107,3+-8,3
●
Backs:Backs: Age:Age: 24,1+-3,924,1+-3,9
Height (cm): 179,8+-5,4Height (cm): 179,8+-5,4
Mass (kg): 84,5+-7,9* (p<0,05)Mass (kg): 84,5+-7,9* (p<0,05)
(Duthie et al, 2006)(Duthie et al, 2006)

59. Displacement Speed
RUGBY: Initial and Maximal Velocity (V˙ max) achieved
during a maximal 60-m sprint
(Adapted from(Adapted from Duthie et al, 2006)Duthie et al, 2006)
Initial
Velocity
(ms)
Initial
Velocity
(ms)
Vmax (ms) Vmax (ms)
START FORWARDS BACKS FORWARDS BACKS
STANDING 0 0 8,50+-0,47 9,43+-0,40**
WALKING 1,97+-0,55* 1,93+-0,17* 8,49+-0,43 9,43+-0,45**
JOGGING 4,97+-1,09* 5,61+-0,51* 8,55+-0,42 9,39+-0,40**
STRIDING 7,14+-0,37* 7,18+-0,27*
*(p<0,01) from
standing
8,51+-0,39
**(p<0,01) from
forwards
9,42+-0,36**

60. Displacement Speed
RUGBY: NRL vs. SRL
(Adapted from Baker & Newton, 2008)(Adapted from Baker & Newton, 2008)
1RM
SQ
(Kg)
JumpSquat
Pmax
(W)
Sprint
Momentum
(kg.s-1)
10m
(s)
40m
(s)
AG
(s)
NRL 175,0
(27,3)*
1,897
(306)*
610
(51)*
1,61
(006)
5,15
(024)
8,89
(037)
SRL 149,6
(14,3)
1,701
(187)
570
(46)
1,60
(005)
5,13
(0,17)
8,94
(024)
Δ, % 17,0 11,5 7,0 0,6 0,4 -0,6

61. Displacement Speed
American Football: Sprints and Jump Abilities
●
NFL Draft - 2005-2009 (n=1176)NFL Draft - 2005-2009 (n=1176)
(Robbins & Young, 2012)(Robbins & Young, 2012)
GROUP BODY MASS
Kg (SD)
Wide receivers Defensive backs 92,2 (6,01)
Quarterbacks 101,4 (5,13)
Running backs 103,7 (7,85)
Linebackers 108,8 (3,80)
Tigh ends 115,2 (3,85)
Linemen 136,8 (10,44)

62. Displacement Speed
American Football: Correlation between
Sprints and Jump Abilities
(Robbins & Young, 2012)(Robbins & Young, 2012)
GROUP Vertical Jump
Max Speed
Horizontal Jump
Max Speed
Vertical Jump
Acceleration
Horizontal Jump
Acceleration
Lineman -0,599 -0,429 -0,570 -0,327 -0,522 -0,292 -0,575 -0,324
Tight end -0,529 -0,527 -0,246 -0,237 -0,061 -0,047 -0,357 -0,323
Linebacker -0,499 0,512 -0,438 -0,415 -0,066 -0,065 -0,368 -0,394
Running back -0,414 -0,371 -0,295 -0,200 -0,304 -0,246 -0,522 -0,469
Quarterback -0,618 -0,591 -0,334 -0,284 -0,291 -0,177 -0,230 -0,213
Wide receiver
defensive back
-0,326 -0,307 -0,203 -0,050 -0,165 -0,197 -0,059 -0,194

63. Displacement Speed
American Football: Anaerobic Performance, Muscle Strength
and Sprint Ability
●
1)- Knee Extension and Flexion Strengths (60, 150 and1)- Knee Extension and Flexion Strengths (60, 150 and
240/◦s)240/◦s)
● 2)- Anaerobic Performance (Wingate test)
●
3)- Sprint Ability - Single- (20 m) and Repeated-sprint (12 ×3)- Sprint Ability - Single- (20 m) and Repeated-sprint (12 ×
20 m) tests.20 m) tests.
●
Correlation between flexion strength and peak power wasCorrelation between flexion strength and peak power was
indicated at 240◦/sindicated at 240◦/s
●
240◦.s−1 knee flexion strength and percentage of240◦.s−1 knee flexion strength and percentage of
performance decrement from 10–20 m (r = 0.381, p < 0.05)performance decrement from 10–20 m (r = 0.381, p < 0.05)
(Kin-Isler et al, 2008)(Kin-Isler et al, 2008)

64. Displacement Speed
American Football: Sprint Ability
(single and rRSA)
(Adapted from(Adapted from Kin-Isler et al, 2008)Kin-Isler et al, 2008)
VARIABLES DISTANCE (m) MEAN (SD)
Single - Sprint Time (s) 20m 3,12 (0,31)
Best Sprint Time (s) 0 - 10 1,64 (0,13)
10 - 20 1,35 (0,19)
0 - 20 2,99 (0,32)
Total Time (s) 0 - 10 21,16 (1,82)
10 - 20 17,96 (2,31)
0 - 20 39,12 (4,13)
Performance Decrement , % 0 - 10 7,83 (3,94)
10 - 20 11,59 (10,26)
0 - 20 19,42 (14,21)

65. Displacement Speed
American Football: Changes in the Athletic
Profile of Elite College (Wide Receivers)
(Adapted from Robbins et al, 2013)(Adapted from Robbins et al, 2013)
Year Weight
(Kg)
Height
(cm)
9,1 m
Sprint
18,3 m
Sprint
36,6 m
Sprint
18,3 m
Shuttle
Vertical
Jump
1999 -
2001
89,54 186,54 1,59 2,65 4,56 4,16* 35,80*
(+-7,11) (+-6,40) (+-0,05) (+-0,06) (+-0,11) (+-0,14) (+-2,85)
n= 143 n= 143 n= 112 n= 112 n= 112 n= 89 n= 114
2008 -
2010
91,77* 185,32 1,51* 2,58* 4,47* 4,30 34,50
(+-6,74) (+-6,10) (+-0,04) (+-0,06) (+-0,10) (+-0,15) (+-3,71)
n= 92 n= 92 n= 73 n= 73 n= 73 n= 57 n= 67

66. Displacement Speed
American Football: Athletic Profile of Elite College
(Summary of significant differences
1999–2001 and 2008-2010) - I
(Adapted from Robbins et al, 2013)(Adapted from Robbins et al, 2013)
Position W
(Kg)
H
(cm)
9,1 m 18,3
m
36,6
m
18,3 m
Shuttle
Vertical
Jump
Center - + + + -
Cornerback + - + + + - -
Defensive End + + + -
Defensive tackle + + + -
Free safety + + + + -
Fullback + +
Inside linebacker + + +
Offensive guard + + + -

67. Displacement Speed
American Football: Athletic Profile of Elite College
(Summary of significant differences
1999–2001 and 2008-2010) - II
(Adapted from Robbins et al, 2013)(Adapted from Robbins et al, 2013)
Position W
(Kg)
H
(cm)
9,1 m 18,3
m
36,6
m
18,3 m
Shuttle
Vertical
Jump
Offensive tackle
- + + +
Outside linebacker - + + + -
Quarterback + + + + -
Running back - + + + -
Strong safety + + + +
Tight end - + + + +
Wide receiver + + + + - -

68. Displacement Speed
American Football:
Players Ability vs. Line Players
●
n= 17n= 17 male playersmale players
(Adapted from Almas et al, 2012)(Adapted from Almas et al, 2012)
Variables Players
Ability
Players
Ability
Line
Players
Line
Players
MEAN SD MEAN SD
40 yards
without ball
5,38 0,22 5,88 0.32
40 yards with
ball
5,40 0,21 6,05 0,42

69. Speed in Sports
Methodology Training - I
Why SAQ?Why SAQ?
(Speed, Agility and Quickness)(Speed, Agility and Quickness)

70. Speed in Sports
Methodology Training - II
ABCS is not better?ABCS is not better?
(Agility, Balance, Coordination and Speed)(Agility, Balance, Coordination and Speed)

71. Speed in Sports
Possible Protocols
Functional Training
Maximum Strength Training
Plyometric Training
RMT (Resisted Movement Training)
HIIT (High Intensity Interval Training)
Specific Ability to Sprint of the Sport
Reduced Games ***

72. Speed in Sports
Pedagogical Tasks
●
Different Processing PhaseDifferent Processing Phase
●
Integrated Processing PhaseIntegrated Processing Phase
●
Exercises General PreparationExercises General Preparation
●
Preparation of Specific ExercisesPreparation of Specific Exercises
●
ExercisesExercises (Local, Partial, Global)(Local, Partial, Global)
(Platonov, 2008)(Platonov, 2008)

73. Speed in Sports
American Football: Olympic vs. Power Lifting
(Adapted from(Adapted from Hoffman et al, 2004)Hoffman et al, 2004)
VARIABLE GROUP PRE-Training POST-Training
Body Mass (Kg) OL 90,3+-13,3 91,0+-11,9
PL 91,3+-11,8 91,6+-12,4
1RM Squat (Kg) OL 175,0+-21,0 197,5+-31,5**
PL 148,0+-25,9 166,9+-33,1**
40-yard sprint (s) OL 4,95+-0,17 4,88+-0,22
PL 4,94+-0,16 4,90+-0,19
T drill (s) OL 9,36+-0,44 9,21+-0,54
PL 9,42+-0,38 9,23+-0,41
Vertical Jump (cm) OL 44,2+-2,14 6,8+-6,1
PL 40,8+-8,94 0,5+-6,8
Vertical J power (w) OL 4310+-402 4665+-874
PL 4366+-937 5076+-905

74. Speed in Sports
American Football: Correlations between performance scores
for OL and PL Adapted from (Hoffman et al, 2004)
(Adapted from Hoffman et al, 2004)(Adapted from Hoffman et al, 2004)
ΔBW ΔSquat Δ40 ΔT test ΔVJ ΔVJP
OL
ΔBW -
ΔSquat .33 -
Δ40 -.07 -.58 -
ΔT test -.56 -.26 .73* -
ΔVJ -.64 .50 -.16 .17 -
ΔVJP -.49 .78* -.70* -.08 .56 -
PL
ΔBW -
ΔSquat .57 -
Δ40 .22 .38 -
ΔT test -.23 .17 .42 -
ΔVJ .36 .35 .30 -.56 -
ΔVJP .22 .61 .43 -.06 .55 -

75. Speed in Sports
Resisted Movement Training (RMT)
● Manipulating the Intensity in combination with the
Maintenance of Specificity:
●
SledSled
●
Elastic BandsElastic Bands
●
ParachuteParachute
●
Ballasted VestBallasted Vest
●
Vertimax®Vertimax®
●
And othersAnd others
(Gil, 2013)(Gil, 2013)

76. Speed in Sports
Hockey: The Effects of a Heavy Resisted Sprint
●
Preload exercise to enhance subsequent 25-m on-ice sprintPreload exercise to enhance subsequent 25-m on-ice sprint
performanceperformance
(Adapted from Matthews et al, 2010)(Adapted from Matthews et al, 2010)
GROUP PRE POST
Intervention 3,950 + 0,251s 3,859 + 0,288s*
Control 3,940 + 0,258s 3,954 + 0,261s
Significant 2,6%
decrease
(p= 0,02)

77. Speed in Sports
Baseball: Creatine Supplementation at the
Base Running
(Batista Junior et al, 2005)(Batista Junior et al, 2005)
Series GCr- S0 GCr- S3 GCr- S6 GP- S0 GP- S3 GP- S6
1 (s)* 12,2+-0,3 11,9+-0,4 11,7+-0,4 12,3+-0,8 11,9+-0,9 12,0+-0,8
2 (s)*# 12,4+-0,3 12,1+-0,4 11,9+-0,3 12,6+-0,9 12,2+-0,9 12,3+-0,9
3 (s)*# 12,7+-0,3 12,5+-0,4 12,1+-0,3 13,1+-0,8 12,3+-0,9 12,4+-0,8
4 (s)*#@ 13,2+-0,1 12,6+-0,4 12,4+-0,4 13,5+-1,0 12,6+-1,0 12,6+-0,7
5 (s)#@ 13,4+-0,4 12,8+-0,4 12,3+-0,3 13,9+-1,1 13,2+-1,1 12,9+-0,7

78. Speed in Sports
High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT)
●
Stimulus IntensityStimulus Intensity
●
Stimulus DurationStimulus Duration
●
Volume of StimuliVolume of Stimuli
●
Frequency of StimuliFrequency of Stimuli
●
Rest IntervalRest Interval

79. Speed in Sports
Phenomenon
(Charrua & Pinheiro, 2011 ;(Charrua & Pinheiro, 2011 ; Platonov, 2008 ; Zakharov, 1992)Platonov, 2008 ; Zakharov, 1992)
SPEED
BARRIER
Overreaching
Overtraining
Biological
Limits
Control of
Loads
Training Methods
Psychological
Factors
1) ???
2) ???
3) ???

80. Speed in Sports
Fatigue Sites on the
Ability to Generate Sprints
●
MuscleMuscle
●
NeuralNeural
●
Other AspectsOther Aspects
(Adapted from Girard et al, 2011)(Adapted from Girard et al, 2011)

81. Speed in Sports
Fatigue: Muscle Aspects
●
1)1) Muscle ExcitabilityMuscle Excitability
●
2)2) Partial Recovery of ATP in Fast FibersPartial Recovery of ATP in Fast Fibers
●
3)3) Inhibition of the Glycolytic System in Subsequent SprintsInhibition of the Glycolytic System in Subsequent Sprints
●
4)4) Limiting the Contribution of Oxidative System due Value ofLimiting the Contribution of Oxidative System due Value of
VO2maxVO2max
●
5)5) Metabolic Acidosis Inhibits ATP Derived from GlycolysisMetabolic Acidosis Inhibits ATP Derived from Glycolysis
●
6)6) Increases in Inorganic Phosphate affect Release of CalciumIncreases in Inorganic Phosphate affect Release of Calcium
and or Myofibrillar Sensitivityand or Myofibrillar Sensitivity
(Adapted from Girard et al, 2011)(Adapted from Girard et al, 2011)

82. Speed in Sports
Fatigue: Neural Aspects
●
1)1) Reduced Efficiency in the Generation ofReduced Efficiency in the Generation of
Motor ControlMotor Control
●
2)2) Muscle Recruitment StrategyMuscle Recruitment Strategy
(Adapted from Girard et al, 2011)(Adapted from Girard et al, 2011)

83. Speed in Sports
Fatigue: Other Aspects
●
1)1) Regulation of Muscle StiffnessRegulation of Muscle Stiffness
●
2)2) Environmental DisturbancesEnvironmental Disturbances
(Adapted from Girard et al, 2011)(Adapted from Girard et al, 2011)

84. Speed in Sports
Management of Fatigue
●
1)1) MetabolicMetabolic
●
2)2) NeuromuscularNeuromuscular
●
3)3) Technical-coordinativeTechnical-coordinative

85. Speed in Sports
General Guide Training
●
1)1) Identify Manifestations of Speed in ModalityIdentify Manifestations of Speed in Modality
●
2)2) Create Specific Speed TestsCreate Specific Speed Tests
●
3)3) Perform the Tests PeriodicallyPerform the Tests Periodically
●
4)4) Analytically Train Speed (Means and Methods)Analytically Train Speed (Means and Methods)
●
5)5) Gradually Increase the Difficulty of the ExercisesGradually Increase the Difficulty of the Exercises
●
6)6) Variation of Exercises in Normal, Facilitated and DifficultVariation of Exercises in Normal, Facilitated and Difficult
●
7)7) Re-evaluate the Manifestations of SpeedRe-evaluate the Manifestations of Speed
●
8)8) Correct the WeaknessesCorrect the Weaknesses
●
9)9) Adapt the More Specific Training Competition SituationAdapt the More Specific Training Competition Situation
●
10)10) Re-assess the Tests Again and Modify the ExercisesRe-assess the Tests Again and Modify the Exercises