education

1. Linux vs. Windows
Submitted To:
Mam Fazia
Submitted By:
Sufian Abid
Ali Hamza
Muhammad Umer Naseem

2. What is operating system?
• An Operating System OS is a set of program that manages
computer hardware and provide common services for
application software. The operating system is the most
important type of system software. A user cannot run an
application program on the computer without an
operating system, unless the application program is self
booting.

3. What Is Window OS:
• Microsoft Windows, also called Windows and Windows OS,
computer operating system (OS) developed by Microsoft
Corporation to run personal computers (PCs)
• Windows is a desktop operating system developed by
Microsoft. Each version of Windows comes with a graphical
user interface that includes a desktop with icons and a task
bar that is displayed at the bottom of the screen by default.

4. What Is Linux OS:
• Linux is a Unix-like, open source and community-developed
operating system (OS) for computers, servers, mainframes,
mobile devices and embedded devices. It is supported on
almost every major computer platform, including x86, ARM
and SPARC, making it one of the most widely supported
operating systems.

5. Linux Memory Management:
• Linux uses a linked data Structure to manage their memory.
• If the number of entries become greater than 32, Linux will
convert linked-list into tree data structure.
• Linux uses paging.
• Linux can access up to 4GB of physical memory.
• In Linux only 1GB of upper & lower parts of physical memory
is allocated for Kernel-mode & user-mode respectively.

6. Windows Memory Management
• Window operating system has both virtual memory and
physical memory.
• Windows manages their virtual memory in a tree data
structures.
• Paging is also done in Windows operating System.
• Windows can also access up to 4 GB of physical memory.
• In windows 2GB of upper & lower parts of physical memory
are allocated for Kernel-mode & user-mode respectively.

7. Windows OS Working
• The operating system (OS) manages all of the software and
hardware on the computer.
• It performs basic tasks such as file, memory and process
management, handling input and output, and controlling
peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers.
• Different operating systems will work in different ways. They
may appear visually different, have different terms for
common functions and organize programs in different ways,
i.e. three most common operating systems are
Microsoft’s Windows, Apple’s macOS and Linux.

8. .
• In the image below the User interfaces with the System &
Application software. The System & Application software
interfaces with the Operating System. The Operating system
interfaces with the Hardware. Each of these interfaces are two
way transactions with each sending and receiving data.

9. WorkingofdifferentOSdealswiththebasic
knowledgeofcomputercustomizationwith…
Working with a windows
environment i.e.
Desktop, Start Menu,
Icons, Task Bar, Recycle
Bin, pictures, Music,
Networks.
Working with windows
application programs.
i.e. date and time,
Control panel,
Customizing desktop
 Working with Files
and Folders i.e.
folders, changing
view and size of
folder, folder
properties

10. Linux OS Working:
• Linux works together with a set of other GNU programs.
• A Linux download is known as a "distribution" because it
works with all of the GNU programs to form an operating
system.
• The Linux kernel is what distinguishes the Linux operating
system from other systems. The kernel is located in the central
portion of the operating system and controls the operating
system security, hardware interfaces, and acts as the primary
resource for the operating system itself.
• Linux is referred to as a server platform because it has the
capability to form the foundation for which an operating
system can be built and has been used as an alternative to the
Microsoft Windows operating system. Because of its capability
to act as a platform it can also be used as a microchip for
other devices and appliances.

11. processing of windows operating
system
• A process, in the simplest terms, is an executing program.
One or more threads run in the context of the process.
• A thread is the basic unit to which the operating system
allocates processor time. A thread can execute any part of the
process code, including parts currently being executed by
another thread.
• An operating system has three main functions: (1) manage the
computer's resources, such as the central processing unit,
memory, disk drives, and printers, (2) establish a user
interface, and (3) execute and provide services for applications
software.

12. Windows Processor Management
• Windows is a preemptive-multitasking, multithreaded
operating system
• Process in Windows NT-derived OS requires at least one
thread of execution.
• By default, a process contains one thread, which is composed
of: – A unique identifier – Contents of a volatile set of registers
indicating processor’s state – Two stacks used during the
thread’s execution – Private storage area used by subsystems
and dynamic-link libraries
• For systems with multiple processors, a process can have as
many threads as there are CPUs available
• Thread components are called the thread’s context. Actual
data forming this context varies from one processor to
another. Kernel schedules threads for execution on a
processor. The thread is what actually executes the code

13. Linux Processor Management
• There are different types of processes in a Linux system. These
types include user processes, daemon processes, and kernel
processes.
• Most processes in the system are user processes. A user
process is one that is initiated by a regular user account and
runs in user space.
• Linux is a multitasking operating system, which means that
multiple programs can be running at the same time (processes
are also known as tasks).
• Each process has the illusion that it is the only process on the
computer. The tasks share common processing resources (like
CPU and memory).
• In Linux, a process is any active (running) instance of a
program.