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Database , 15 Object DBMS
1.
Distributed DBMS ©M.
T. Özsu & P. Valduriez Ch.15/1 Outline • Introduction • Background • Distributed Database Design • Database Integration • Semantic Data Control • Distributed Query Processing • Multimedia Query Processing • Distributed Transaction Management • Data Replication • Parallel Database Systems • Distributed Object DBMS ➡ Object Models ➡ Object Distribution • Peer-to-Peer Data Management • Web Data Management • Current Issues
2.
Distributed DBMS ©M.
T. Özsu & P. Valduriez Ch.15/2 Why Object DBMS Some applications require • storage and management of abstract data types (e.g., images, design documents) rich type system supporting user-defined abstract types; • need to explicitly represent composite and complex objects without mapping to flat relational model; • need more powerful languages without the impedance mismatch.
3.
Distributed DBMS ©M.
T. Özsu & P. Valduriez Ch.15/3 Fundamental Concepts • Object ➡ An entity in the system that is being modeled. ➡ <OID, state, interface> • OID: object identifier ➡ Immutable • State ➡ Atomic or constructed value ➡ Atomic values are instance variables (or attributes) ➡ Constructed values can be set or tuple • Interface ➡ State and behaviour ➡ Behavior captured by methods • Object states may change, but OID remains identical
4.
Distributed DBMS ©M.
T. Özsu & P. Valduriez Ch.15/4 Fundamental Concepts (cont’d) • Type ➡ Domain of objects • Class ➡ Template for a group of objects defining a common type that conforms to the template • Example type Car attributes engine: Engine bumbers: {Bumper} tires: [lf: Tire, rf: Tire, lr: Tire, rr: Tire] make: Manufacturer model: String year: Date serial_no: String capacity: Integer methods age: Real replaceTire(place, tire)
5.
Distributed DBMS ©M.
T. Özsu & P. Valduriez Ch.15/5 Fundamental Concepts (cont’d) • Composition (aggregation) ➡ Composite type (Car) and composite object ➡ Allows referential sharing – objects refer to each other by their OIDs as values of object-based variables ➡ Composition relationships can be represented by composition (aggregation) graph • Subclassing and inheritance ➡ Subclassing is based on specialization: class A is a specialization of class B if A’s interface is a superset of B’s interface. ➡ Inheritance: result of subclassing – class A’s properties consist of what is defined for it as well as the properties of class B that it inherits
6.
Distributed DBMS ©M.
T. Özsu & P. Valduriez Ch.15/6 Object Distribution • New problems due to encapsulation of methods together with object state. • Fragmentation can be based on ➡ State ➡ Method definitions ➡ Method implementation • Class extent can be fragmented
7.
Distributed DBMS ©M.
T. Özsu & P. Valduriez Ch.15/7 Fragmentation Alternatives • Horizontal ➡ Primary ➡ Derived ➡ Associated • Vertical • Hybrid • Path partitioning
8.
Distributed DBMS ©M.
T. Özsu & P. Valduriez Ch.15/8 Horizontal Fragmentation • Primary ➡ Defined similar to the relational case • Derived ➡ Due to the fragmentation of a subclass ➡ Due to fragmentation of a complex attribute ➡ Due to method invocation
9.
Distributed DBMS ©M.
T. Özsu & P. Valduriez Ch.15/9 Vertical Fragmentation • For a class C, fragmenting it vertically into C1, …, Cm produces a number of classes, each of which contains some of the attributes and some of the methods. ➡ Each fragment is less defined than the original class • Issues ➡ Subtyping relationship between C’s superclasses and subclasses and the fragment classes ➡ Relationship of the fragment classes among themselves ➡ Location of the methods when they are not simple methods
10.
Distributed DBMS ©M.
T. Özsu & P. Valduriez Ch.15/10 Path Partitioning • Clustering all of the objects forming a composite object into a partition • Can be represented as a hierarchy of nodes forming a structural index ➡ Each node of the index points to objects of the domain class of the component object
11.
Distributed DBMS ©M.
T. Özsu & P. Valduriez Ch.15/11 Object Server Architecture • Clients request “objects” from the server ➡ Single object or groups of objects can be returned • Server undertakes most of the DBMS services • Object manager duplicated ➡ Provides a context for method execution ➡ Implementation of object identifier ➡ Object clustering and access methods (at server) ➡ Implement an object cache
12.
Distributed DBMS ©M.
T. Özsu & P. Valduriez Ch.15/12 Page Server Architecture • Unit of transfer between clients and server is a physical unit of data ➡ E.g., page or segment • DBMS services split between the client and the server • Servers typically do not have the notion of “object” • Clients have to do the conversion from an “object” to a physical unit and vice versa
13.
Distributed DBMS ©M.
T. Özsu & P. Valduriez Ch.15/13 Cache Consistency • Avoidance-based ➡ Prevents access to stale cache data by ensuring that clients cannot update an object if it is being read by other clients ✦ Object in cache is stale if it has already been updated and committed to the database by a different client ➡ Stale data cannot exist in the cache • Detection-based ➡ Detect stale object access at a validation step at commit time ➡ Stale data is allowed to exist in the cache • Each can further classified based on when the client informs the server about writes ➡ Synchronous ➡ Asynchronous ➡ Deferred
14.
Distributed DBMS ©M.
T. Özsu & P. Valduriez Ch.15/14 Alternative Cache Consistency Algorithms • Avoidance-based synchronous • Avoidance-based asynchronous • Avoidance-based deferred • Detection-based synchronous • Detection-based asynchronous • Detection-based deferred
15.
Distributed DBMS ©M.
T. Özsu & P. Valduriez Ch.15/15 Object Identifier Management • Physical object identifier (POID) ➡ OID is equated with the physical address of the corresponding object ➡ Address can be disk page address and an offset from the base address + Object can be obtained directly from the OID - Parent object and all indexes need to be updated when object moves • Logical identifier (LOID) ➡ System-wide unique ➡ A mapping has to occur to map it to the physical address + Object can be easily moved - Indirection overhead
16.
Distributed DBMS ©M.
T. Özsu & P. Valduriez Ch.15/16 Object Migration • Unit of migration ➡ Object state but not methods ✦ Requires invocation of remote procedures ➡ Individual objects ✦ Types may be accessed remotely or duplicated • Tracking objects ➡ Surrogates or proxy objects ➡ Placeholders: accesses to proxy objects are directed transparently by the system to the objects themselves at the new sites
17.
Distributed DBMS ©M.
T. Özsu & P. Valduriez Ch.15/17 Distributed Object Storage • Object clustering ➡ Decomposition storage model ✦ Partition eachobject class into binary relations (OID, attribute) ✦ Relies on LOID ➡ Normalized storage model ✦ Stores each class as a separate relation ✦ Can use LOID or POID ➡ Direct storage model ✦ Multi-class clustering og objects based on the composition relationship • Distributed garbage collection ➡ Reference counting ➡ Tracing-based ✦ Mark and sweep ✦ Copy-based
18.
Distributed DBMS ©M.
T. Özsu & P. Valduriez Ch.15/18 Object Query Processing • Similar approach to relational can be followed. • Additional difficulties ➡ Complexity of the type system ➡ Encapsulation makes knowledge of physical organization and access methods difficult ➡ Object structures are complex requiring path expressions for access
19.
Distributed DBMS ©M.
T. Özsu & P. Valduriez Ch.15/19 Transaction Management • Difficulties resulting from the following requiremens ➡ Operations are not simple Read and Write ➡ Objects are not “flat” but complex and composite ➡ Access patterns are not simple ➡ Long running activities need to be supported ➡ Active object capabilities are sometimes required
20.
Distributed DBMS ©M.
T. Özsu & P. Valduriez Ch.15/20 Correctness Criteria • Commutativity • Invalidation • Recoverability
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