basic introduction to human anatomy

1. Human Anatomy
Introduction
Introduction to Anatomy
By: Dr. Amber Sharif

2. Session outcomes
• By the end of the session students will be able to describe basic anatomical terms
• By the end of the session students will be able to use these terms to describe
normal movement

3. What is Anatomy?
• Study of the STRUCTURE
of the Human Body
• Closely related to
PHYSIOLOGY!
• Physiology is the study of
the FUNCTION of the
human body

4. Divisions of Anatomy
• Gross Anatomy
• Structures that can be
seen with the eye
• Muscles, bones, various
organs
• Microscopic Anatomy
• Structures that cannot
be seen with the eye
• Need to use a
microscope
• Cytology = study of cells
• Histology = study of
tissues

5. • Regional Anatomy – study one region of the
body at a time and learn everything about the
region
• Systemic Anatomy – study one body system at
a time. This is the approach we will use in this
course

6. • In addition, Embryology is the study of the embryo
and the fetus, that is, the study of prenatal
development, whereas the study of congenital
malformations is known as Teratology.

7. Anatomical Organization
• Cells
• Tissues
• Organs
• Organ Systems
• Organism

8. Organ Systems
1. Integument
2. Skeletal
3. Muscular
4. Nervous
5. Endocrine
6. Cardiovascular
7. Lymphatic
8. Respiratory
9. Digestive
10. Urinary
11. Reproductive

9. Directional Terms
• Superior : means the part is above another or
closer to head (cranial ).
Vs.
• Inferior: means the part is below another or
towards the feet (caudal).

10. • Anterior: means towards the front (the eyes
are anterior to the brain) -
[ventral].
Vs.
• Posterior: means toward the back (the
pharynx is posterior to the oral
cavity) - [dorsal].

11. • Medial: relates to the imaginary midline
dividing the body into equal
right and left halves (the nose is medial to the
eyes).
Vs.
• Lateral: means towards the side with respect
to the imaginary midline
(the ears are lateral to the eyes).

14. • Ipsilateral: the same side (the spleen and
descending colon are ipsilateral ).
Vs.
• Contralateral: Refers to the opposite side (the
spleen and gallbladder are contralateral ).

15. • Proximal : is used to describe a part that is
closer to the trunk of the body or closer to
another specified point of reference than
another part (the elbow is proximal to the
wrist).
Vs.
• Distal: it means that a particular body part is
farther from the trunk or farther from another
specified point of reference than another part
(fingers are distal to the wrist).

16. • Superficial: means situated near the surface.
Peripheral also means outward or near the
surface.
Vs.
• Deep: is used to describe parts that are more
internal .

18. Regional Terms
• Axial part : includes the head, neck, and
trunk.
• Appendicular part : Includes the limbs
which are attached to the body's axis.

19. 19

20. 20
appendicular skeleton

21. Terms to describe movements
Occurring at Various Joints
1. Flexion : Flexion is the movement where
similar surfaces come nearer to each other
reducing the angle between them. ex:
Bending of fore arm near elbow
2. Extension: It is the movement causing similar
surfaces to go apart. It is opposite to flexion.
ex : Straightening of bent fore arm.

22. 3. Adduction: It is the movement bringing the
limb towards mid line.
4. Abduction: It is the movement taking the limb
away from the mid line.
5. Rotation: It is the movement around central
axis involving 360
6. Medial rotation : It is rotation towards medial
direction

23. 7. Lateral rotation: Rotation towards lateral
direction is called lateral direction
8. Circumduction: It is the movement involving
flexion, abduction, extension and adduction
occurring in sequence