2. Fig.1. A series capacitor compensated network model
(2)
2) Rotor Equations:
(3)
(4)
B. Network Model
Fig.1. shows that a series capacitor-compensated
transmission line may be represented by the RLC circuit [12]
III. SYSTEM MODELLING FOR EIGENVALUE ANALYSIS
We shall now demonstrate the damping effects of IMDU
and TCSC through eigenvalue analysis. To do this, we have to
develop a linear model of the overall system. The linearized
models for the generator and shaft system for IEEE first
benchmark model are well documented. Here, we use the
approach given in [10].
A. Combined Generator and Shaft System Model
The linearized state equations are given by:
(5)
(6)
Where the state vector GxΔ , input vector guΔ and output
vector GyΔ are given by
B. Modelling the Transmission Line
The differential equations for the circuit elements, after
applying Park’s transformation, can be expressed in the d-q
reference frame as following
The voltage across the capacitor(12):
(7)
The above equations can be represented in state space
model as:
(8)
Where state vector NxΔ and Input vector 1NuΔ are
Fig.2. IMDU connected to the system
daqm
d
d iRS
dt
d
v
B
−Ψ+−
Ψ
−= )1(
1
ω
[ ]qqqd
qo
d
ixxE
Tdt
dE
)'('
'
1'
−−−=
[ ]fddddq
do
q
EixxE
Tdt
dE
+−+−= )'('
'
1'
[ ] [ ] [ ] fdGgGGGG EBuBxAx 21 +Δ+Δ=Δ
•
[ ] GGG xCy Δ=Δ
ΔΔ=Δ me
t
G xxx
=Δ LPBLBGGENGEEXCGEN
t
m STSTSx δ
HPHIIPILALPALAB STSTST
ΔΔΔΨΔΨ=Δ '' qdqd
t
e EEx
[ ]QD iiy
t
G ΔΔ=Δ
Δ
Δ
+
Δ
Δ−
=
Δ
Δ
•
•
Q
D
CB
CB
Q
D
B
B
CQ
CD
i
i
X
X
Vc
Vc
V
V
ω
ω
ω
ω
0
0
0
0
[ ] [ ] [ ] 2211 NNNNNNN uBuBxAx Δ+Δ+Δ=Δ
•
[ ] ΔΔ=Δ CQCD
t
VVxN
[ ]
Δ
Δ
=Δ
Q
D
N
i
i
U 1
3. C. Modelling the Induction Machine Damping Unit
Fig.2. shows IMDU connected to system. For the
eigenvalue analysis, the torque-speed characteristics of an
induction machine, with small rotor resistance, to be used as
IMDU can be considered linear between synchronous speed
and the critical slip (maximum torque) when operated at
constant terminal voltage and frequency. Therefore, the torque
of the damping unit can be modelled as being proportional to
speed deviation, (deviation from synchronous speed). The
slope of the torque-speed characteristic as follows [10]:
The field exciter dynamics is not modelled and the
excitation is held constant at 1 pu. The time constant of the
mechanical system is very large when compared to the
electrical system, and hence, the speed governor dynamics are
not included, keeping the input power to the turbines constant.
Variables torque produced in the different shaft section, which
are functions of the difference of the slip at the ends of the
shaft. The differential equations governing the IMDU model
are as follows [10]:
(9)
(10)
D. Modelling TCSC unit
The TCSC is modelled [14] in detail taking into
consideration of the switching action of thyristors for transient
simulation. The eigenvalue analysis is based on the dynamic
phasor model of TCSC given in reference, where the TCSC is
modelled as a variable capacitor.
The equations of TCSC in D-Q frame of reference can be
given as [14]
(11)
(12)
Where
Where
(13)
The prevailing conduction angle can be approximated as
(14)
Where is the conduction angle reference .
E. Combined System Model Including IMDU only
On combining generator, network and IMDU equations
(5), (6), (8), (9), (10) The final system state space model
equations are
(15)
Where
F. Combined System Model Including TCSC only
On combining generator, network and TCSC equations
(5),(6),(8),(11),(12), the final system state space model
equations are
(16)
Where
IM
IMT
k
ωΔ
Δ
=
[ ]
[ ] [ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ]
+
=
NGN
GGGI
TI
ACB
HBHFBA
A
1
111
ΔΔ=Δ NGITI xxx
t
ctc
B
tCQCeffD
tCD
b
VbI
dt
dV ω
)( −=
ctc
B
tCDCeffQ
tCQ
b
VbI
dt
dV ω
)( +=
[ ] [ ] [ ] 221 NTfdTT uBEBxAx TT Δ+Δ+Δ=Δ
•
ΔΔΔ=Δ TCSCNG
t
xxxxT
ΔΔ=Δ me
t
G xxx
IM
PI
IM
IM
IM
IM
H
T
S
H
kD
S
22
−
−
−=
•
( )HPIMIMPI SSKT −=
•
[ ] [ ] [ ] 221 NTfdTTI uBEBxAx TITI Δ+Δ+Δ=Δ
•
.).(
1
.).(.).( up
X
upCupb
tc
tcctc ==
.).(.).( upCupb effCeff =
.).(.).( upXupL tltl =
1
2
2
2
)
2
tan()
2
tan()
2
(cos
1
2
)sin(
21
1
2
1
41
)(
−
−
−
−
+
+
−
−=
σσσω
σσ
π
σ
t
t
t
ttLr
ttC
tC
eff
k
k
k
SkL
kC
C
C
tLtC
r
LC
1
=ω
2
1
1
−
−
=
tk
S
tL
tC
t
X
X
k =
φσσ 2*
+=
]arg[2*
tCVjI−+≈ σ
)]()arg[(2*
tCDDtCQQtCDQtCQD VIVIjVIVI −−−+= σ
**
2απσ −=
4. Where
TABLE I EIGEN VALUES OF SYSTEM IN DFFERENT CASES
S.No. Without IMDU
P=0.7 ,P.F.=0.9,
Xc=0.35
With IMDU Only
P=0.7 ,P.F.=0.9
Xc=0.35
With TCSC Only
P=0.7 ,P.F.=0.9
Xc=0.35,XTCSC=0.20
Comments
1 -0.46505 + j10.128
-0.46505 – j10.128
-1.88054 + j10.081
-1.88054 – j10.081
-1.0409 + j14.162
-1.0409 - j14.162
Torsional
Mode #0
2 0.043375 + j99.574
0.043375 – j99.574
-2.33 + j96.698
-2.33 – j96.698
-0.25793 + j98.237
-0.25793 – j98.237
Torsional
Mode #1
3 0.028616 + j127.13
0.028616 – j127.13
-0.59096 + j126.27
-0.59096 – j126.27
-1.316 + j126.98
-1.316 – j126.98
Torsional
Mode #2
4 0.03606 + j160.34
0.03606 – j160.34
-5.0673 + j147.1
-5.0673 – j147.1
-0.33452 + j160.54
-0.33452 – j160.54
Torsional
Mode #3
5 0.001427 + j202.85
0.001427 – j202.85
-0.27956 + j201.61
-0.27956 – j201.61
-0.085585 + j202.9
-0.085585 – j202.9
Torsional
Mode #4
6 -2.879e-07 + j298.18
-2.879e-07 - j298.18
-2.1094 + j286.73
-2.1094 – j286.73
-0.36358 + j298.18
-0.36358 – j298.18
Torsional
Mode #5
7 -3.3979 + j141.26
-3.3979 – j141.26
-2.7704 + j142.04
-2.7704 - j142.04
-1.8704 + j67.84
-1.8704 – j67.84
Network
Mode #1
8 -4.4197 + j612.42
-4.4197 – j612.42
-4.4197 + j612.42
-4.4197 - j612.42
-0.48833 + j497.65
-0.48833 – j497.65
Network
Mode #2
9 -0.083245 -0.082673 -6.1563
10 -4.0937 -4.0916 -0.1718
11 -23.67 + j737.19
-23.67 – j737.19
-3.8336+ j733.5
-3.8336 - j733.5
[ ]
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
[ ]
+
=
21
21
1111
0* FCF
BACB
HBHBHFBA
A
G
NNGN
GGGG
T
[ ] [ ] [ ]+
=
0
212
1
GGG
B
L
G
T
BHCB
X
B
B ω
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
=
2
1
2
N
G
T
B
HB
B
=
ctc
B
ctc
B
b
b
F
ω
ω
0
0
1
−
=
0
0
2
B
ctc
Ceff
B
ctc
Ceff
b
b
b
b
F
ω
ω
=Δ LPBLBGGENGEEXCGEN
t
m STSTSx δ HPHIIPILALPALAB STSTST
ΔΔΔΨΔΨ=Δ '' qdqd
t
e EEx
ΔΔ=Δ tCQtCD
t
TCSC vvx
5. IV.SYSTEM STUDIES
The system considered is the IEEE first benchmark model
for SSR analysis [11]. The FBS system is simulated with the
help of MATLAB. The Network parameter are based on
generator base of 892.4 MVA are given in [12] .The
Synchronous M/C data are given in [12].The shaft inertia and
spring constant are given in [12]. There are six inertia
corresponding to six rotors, which are four turbines, one
generator and one rotating exciter. Inertia constant of IMDU is
0.034248645 sec.
A steady-state operating point is chosen in which the
machine operates with a power factor of 0.9 while delivering a
power of 0.7 p.u. Self-damping of 0.1 is added to the shaft. No
mutual damping is assumed. Constant field voltage is also
assumed. Infinite bus voltage is 481.33 kV.
For TCSC we assume XC=0.35, which is the compensation
level of system and XTCSC=0.20, with vernier ratio
XTCSC/Xtl=1.25
Table I shows eigenvalues of system with and without
IMDU and TCSC. As we can see that on adding IMDU and
TCSC, the system eigenvalues have real negative parts. This
indicates that system has reached in stable configuration.
V. TIME DOMAIN ANALYSIS
A digital computer simulation study, using a linearized
system model, has been carried out to demonstrate the
effectiveness of the proposed controllers. The MATLAB
SIMULINK model was used to obtain time domain simulation
under large disturbances. The IMDU is coupled to HP and
electrical connected to System. The TCSC is connected in the
network. The SIMULINK model is run for 10 seconds and
various shaft torques and power angle delta response were
obtained. Fig.3. (a,d,g,j,m,p) shows the response obtained
without IMDU. Fig.3. (b,e,h,k,n,q) the same responses when
IMDU is connected to the system. Fig. 3.(c,f,i,l,o,r) shows the
responses when TCSC connected to the system. We see that
SSR is effectively damped out by using IMDU and TCSC.
(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e) (f)
(g) (h) (i)
(j) (k) (l)
Gen-Exc Torque (pu)
1.0
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
Time, s
Gen-LPB torque (pu)4.0
2.0
0.0
-2.0
-4.0
Time, s
Gen-LPB torque (pu)4.0
2.0
0.0
-2.0
-4.0
Time, s
LPA-LPB torque (pu)
4.0
2.0
0.0
-2.0
-4.0
Time, s
0.2
0.1
0.0
-0.1
-0.2
Gen-Exc Torque (pu)
Time, s
Gen-LPB torque (pu)
6.0
3.0
0.0
-3.0
-6.0
Time, s
Time, s
LPA-LPB torque (pu)
5.0
2.5
0.0
-2.5
-5.0
LPA-HI torque (pu)
Time, s
3.0
1.5
0.0
-1.5
-3.0
LPA-HI torque (pu)
Time, s
3.0
1.5
0.0
-1.5
-3.0 Time, s
LPA-HI torque (pu)
1.6
0.8
0.0
-0.8
-1.6
Gen-Exc Torque (pu)
1.0
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
Time, s
LPA-LPB torque (pu)
4.0
2.0
0.0
-2.0
-4.0
Time, s
6. Power angle
Time, s
2.0
1.0
0.0
-1.0
-2.0
(m) (n) (o)
(p) (q) (r)
Fig.3. (a) Generator exciter torque oscillations with fixed capacitor, (b) Generator exciter torque oscillations with IMDU, (c) Generator exciter torque
oscillations with TCSC, (d) Generator LPB shaft torque oscillations with fixed capacitor, (e) Generator LPB shaft torque oscillations with IMDU, (f) Generator
LPB shaft torque oscillations with TCSC, (g) LPA-LPB shaft torque oscillations with fixed capacitor, (h) LPA-LPB shaft torque oscillations with IMDU,
(i) LPA-LPB shaft torque oscillations with TCSC (j) LPA-HI shaft torque oscillations with fixed capacitor, (k) LPA-HI shaft torque oscillations with IMDU,
(l) LPA-HI shaft torque oscillations with TCSC, (m) HI shaft torque oscillations with fixed capacitor, (n) HI shaft torque oscillations with IMDU (o) HI shaft
torque oscillations with TCSC, (p) Power angle oscillations with fixed capacitor, (q) Power angle oscillations with IMDU, (r) Power angle oscillations with
TCSC
VI. CONCLUSIONS
Eigenvalue studies and time domain simulations conducted
on the IEEE First Benchmark Models show the damping
benefits on SSR of IMDU and TCSC the major findings of the
study are as follows.
1) The inclusion of the IMDU on the T-G shaft can damp
torsional interaction type of SSR oscillations without
the aid of any other controller.
2) The TCSC also damp SSR to a great extent. Besides
damping SSR, it also works as to control active power
flow. So TCSC is much more effective than IMDU
3) In case of IMDU there is no need of any external
controller so design difficulties reduces to a much low
level as compared to TCSC where there need extra
effort to design a suitable controller.
4) The IMDU is a small-size high power and low energy
induction machine connected in mechanical system of
Machine, whereas TCSC is connected in network
system.
5) The IMDU can be switched on only after a disturbance
is detected.
6) TCSC are already installed and working well whereas
IMDU is a new concept to damp SSR.
7) The range of value of K (Slope of torque-speed
characteristics) found to be lye between 3 to 5.
So overall we can say that SSR damping using IMDU has
greatest advantage of being independent of any external
controller but limit is also that it has to be mechanically
connected to generator as compared to TCSC where it can be
installed anywhere in the line and also has extra role of being
able to control active power flow as well.
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HI shaft torque (pu)
Time, s
2.0
1.0
0.0
-1.0
-2.0
HI shaft torque (pu)
Time, s
2.0
1.0
0.0
-1.0
-2.0
Time, s
0.6
0.3
0.0
-0.3
-0.6
HI shaft torque (pu)
Time, s
3.0
1.5
0.0
-1.5
-3.0
Power anglePower angle
Time, s
2.0
1.0
0.0
-1.0
-2.0