According to Erikson’s Psychosocial Development Theory, the concepts of generativity versus stagnation stage occurs by the time when we reach our mid-30s to mid-50s. From here, we start to really examine our lives and see if it is going the way we planned it or did it take a drastic turn. This is where some people take drastic steps and change their lives. It is when we start to question, "How can I contribute to the world?" Finding ways to advance or enhance future generations can help you work toward generativity instead of having a sense of stagnation. The basic virtue of generativity vs. stagnation is "care." This involves caring for others who are close to the person (family, co-workers, friends, etc.) as well as caring for the community or the future generation as a whole. If generativity is not developed, rejectivity, or a lack of meaning in one's life and in one's actions, can occur.
2. TOPICS:
NATURE OF REALISM
Meaning of Realism
PHILOSOPHY OF REALISM
Facts about the Philosophy of Realism
Fundamental Principles of Realism
Values in Realism
FORMS OF REALISM
Scholastic Realism
Humanistic Realism
Social Realism
Sense Realism
Neo-Realism
3. TOPICS:
IMPLICATION OF REALISM IN EDUCATION
Realism and Aim of Education
Realism and Curriculum
Realism and the Teacher
Methods of Teaching
School Organization Influenced by Realism
Realism and the classroom
Conclusion
4.
5. Meaning Of Realism
The term realism come from the Latin “realists”
who is to be really, really real.
Realism refers to the things exist whether or not
the human mind perceives them.
6. Did you know that…
Aristotle was the leading proponent of realism
and the first philosopher to develop a systematic
theory of logic.
In a more deeper meaning of realism, it is a
philosophy that assumes that there is a real
external world that can be recognized.
7. THOMAS AQUINAS
• God made it possible to acquire true knowledge so that
we may know Him better.
• Because we are children of God, our best thinking
should agree with Christian tenets.
• Each person is born with an immortal soul.
• Aquinas epitomized the scholasticism of the Middle
Ages.
• Scholasticism is an approach that emphasized the
human’s eternal soul and salvation.
10. Facts about the Philosophy of Realism
Philosopher who profess realism also believes that
truth consist in a beliefs’ correspondence to reality.
Realism believes in the world which we see or
perceive to be true.
Realists believe in the present life.
11. Facts about the Philosophy of Realism
Realists believe in the truth of life and aim of life are
in the development of unsystematic life.
Knowledge is real and can be assimilated by the
human beings.
Realists distinguish between “appearance” and
“reality”.
12. Facts about the Philosophy of Realism
Individuals does not make reality, they only
discover it.
Realists tend to believe that what we believe now
is only an approximation of reality and that every
new observation brings us closer to understanding
reality.
13. Five Fundamental Principles of Realism
Phenomenal world is true.
Senses are the doors of knowledge.
Opposition of Idealism
Man is a part of material world.
Emphasis on experiment and observation.
14. General Aspects of Realism
Existence-
realists claim about existence.
Independence
15. Values in Realism
• External world is the reality.
• Man will discover reality with the use of science and
common sense through education or learning.
• Mind is functioning & is geared towards creativity.
• Reality can be proved by observation, experience,
experiment and scientific reasoning.
• Values must be studied to be applied in the actual
setting.
16.
17. • It started when medieval thinkers wanted to bring
together a relation between faith (Christian
theology) and reason (Classical Philosophy).
• St. Thomas Aquinas who wrote Summa
Theologica used philosophy to help explain the
doctrine and mysteries of the church.
• Characteristics: Relied on authorities from the
past; Synthesizing of knowledge; Deductive approach
to reasoning; Use of syllogistic logic
18. • Scholastic schools had two methods of teaching:
1."lectio" (the simple reading of a text by a
teacher/ no questions were permitted); 2.
"disputatio" (where question to be disputed was
announced beforehand)
• Education is the process by which he lifts himself up
to the eternal.
19. It sprang up after the renaissance.
It studies the present solution to each problem of
life
Aimed to secure a knowledge of human society
and its institutions of nature and man’s reactions to
nature, chiefly through the content and not the
form of classics.
20. John Milton
Education must prepare one for life in the real
world.
Francois Rabelais
Education is gained through books, though
emphasis should be on the mastery of their
content and their actual use in one’s life.
Education should be attractive rather than
compulsive.
22. Social Realism in education is the reaction against
a type of education that produces scholars and
professional men to the neglect of the man of
affairs i.e. practice.
Education should not produce men who are unfit
in social life.
The purpose of education, according to social
realists, is to prepare the practical man of the
world.
23. • Reaction against a type of education that produces
scholars and professional men to the neglect of the
man of practice
• Aim: To train a “gentleman” for active
participation in social life and social judgment and to
prepare the practical man of the world
• Social realists follow the method of travel of
journey method.
24. • Direct contact with things, people & social
conditions thru travel rather than books.
• Study of gymnastics, sports, riding, modern
languages, customs of other countries
• Study of one’s self but also others
• Social realism explains that education should equip
learners for a happy and successful life as a man
of the world.
25. According to Montaigne,' The aim of education is to
inculcate intellect & logic in man by which he can lie his life
well.’
He emphasized a teaching method which was according to
the natural tendencies & development of a child. He was
against expressionistic discipline.
He said, & quote “To make it of any real value you must
not only get it into their minds but espouse them to it.”
26.
27. The sense realism in education emphasizes the
training of the senses.
Senses are the gateways of knowledge and learning
takes place the operation of the senses.
According to sense-realists nature is the treasure
house of all knowledge and this knowledge can be
obtained through the training of the senses.
28. • Sense-realism attached more importance to the study
of natural sciences and contemporary social
life.
• Aim: To develop a natural society by working in
accord with the laws of nature
• Purpose: Happiness with God
• Thru education, man can still know laws of nature
and thereby control nature.
29. It came into being in the 17th century according to
which knowledge can be gained through our senses.
Hence a child should be trained with the help of
objects.
According to Munroe ,scientific researches have
influenced sense realism.
Hence the child should be bought in contact with
the nature.
30. It has preferred education of nature, observation,
science in place of language & literature.
Teaching methods should be scientific inductive,
based on observation, analysis, synthesis.
Stressed on physical education.
31. The sense-realists emphasized the three things :
a) Application of inductive method
formulated by Bacon in order to organize and
simplify the instructional process.
b) To replace instruction in Latin by the
instruction in Vernacular, and
c) To substitute new scientific and social
studies in place of the studies in language and
literature.
33. Neo-Realism is really a philosophical thought.
It appears the methods and results of modern
development in physics.
They do not consider the scientific principles everlasting
while they express the changeability in them.
They support the education of art with the science and
analytical system of education with the humanistic feelings.
36. REALISM
Reality
(ontology)
A world of things
Truth or knowledge
(epistemology)
Correspondence and sensation (as we
see it)
Goodness
(axiology)
Laws of nature
Teaching reality doctrine
Subjects of physical world:
math, science, social studies
Teaching truth
Teaching for mastery of information:
demonstrate, recite
Teaching goodness Training in rules of conduct
Why schools exist
To reveal the order of the world and
universe
What should be taught Laws of physical reality
Role of the teacher Displays, imparts knowledge
Role of the student Manipulates, passive participation
School's attitude towards
change
Always coming toward perfection,
orderly change
37. Realism and Aims of Education
Preparing the Child for happy and successful life
Preparing the child for a real life
Developing the physical and mental powers of the
child
Developing and training of senses
Acquainting the child with nature and social
environment
Imparting vocational education
38. Realism and Aims of Education
Understanding the material world through inquiry
A study of science and the scientific method
A need to know the world in order to ensure survival
and good life
Basic, essential knowledge with a no-nonsense
approach
Transmit culture and develop human nature
39. Realism and Aims of Education
The GOAL OF EDUCATION IS TO HELP INDIVIDUALS
UNDERSTAND & APPLY THE PRINCIPLES OF
SCIENCE TO HELP SOLVE THE PROBLEMS IN THE
WORLD
40. Realism and Curriculum
Developed according to Utility and Needs
Subjects concerning day to day activities
Main subjects are – natural science, physical
science, health culture, physical exercise, math,
geography, history, astronomy
41. Realism and the Teacher
Supreme – brings the child in touch with external
realities of life
Imparts scientific knowledge in an easy and
effective way
Gets testing results that can help prove that the
students are learning the material
42. Realism and the Teacher
A teacher should be educated and well versed
with the customs of belief and rights and duties of
people, and the trends.
He must have full mastery of the knowledge of
present life.
He must be able to expose and guide the student
towards the hard realities of life. (neither pessimist,
nor optimist)
43. Realism and the Teacher
He must be able to co-relate between utility in daily
life and education.
He should define simple rules.
He should teach subjects in proper order.
He needs to find out the interest of the child and
to teach accordingly.
44. Methods of Teaching
Emphasis on critical reasoning through observation
Supports accountability and performance-based
teaching
Scientific research and development
Mastery of facts: Recitation, experimentation,
demonstration, drills, exercises
Education should proceed from simple to complex
and from concrete to abstract.
45. Methods of Teaching
Enhanced learning thru direct or indirect
experiences: Field trips, lectures, films, TV,
audio-visual aids, computer technology &
library.
Learning is based on facts – analysis – questioning.
Vernacular to be the medium of instruction.
Precision and order: ringing bells, time periods,
daily lesson plans, pre-packaged curriculum materials
Children should be given positive rewards
46. SCHOOL ORGANIZATION INFLUENCED BY REALISM
School organization would be based on the real needs of
society. (not due to politics)
The opening of science classes in every school is a must.
Co-education is a natural happening so it cannot be
rejected.
School is the mirror of the society. It is a miniature
form of society and it presents the real picture of the
society.
47. Realism in the Classroom
Focuses on the basics of reading,
writing and arithmetic.
Classroom environment is highly
structured and organized.
Utilization of standardized testing.
Education should be fun and
interesting for the student.
Education should prepare students
for life in the real world.
48. CONCLUSION
Use of scientific investigation and senses in order to learn.
Focus on the physical world, arguing that reality,
knowledge and value exist independent of the mind.
This physical world is composed of matter.
Realists believe that schools should promote human
rationality through observation and experimentation.
Realist teachers believe in the importance of experimental
learning.
Students have to take a hands-on approach.
49. CONCLUSION
Realism is a Subject matter.
It concentrates on the humanistic and scientific principles
Its values is based on universal laws.
Realist teachers focuses on teaching scientific methods of
problem solving.
Character development: teaching student’s accountability,
rigor, and instilling practical knowledge.
Realist teachers should be experts in their subject-matter.
