Post Independent programmefirka development, etawah pilot project, nilokheri experiment, community development programme, national extension service

1. Course: Dimensions of Agricultural Extension
Dr. Arpita Sharma
Assistant Professor,
GBPUA&T, Pantnagar

2.  Selection of Firka: On the basis of their
backwardness.
 Possibilities for creating the production of
handloom clothes and other cottage industries.
 Objectives:
1. To tackle the rural problem as a whole.
2. Formation of Panchayats and organization of
cooperatives.
3. Long term plan to make the area self
sufficient through Agricultural, irrigational and
livestock improvement.
4. Development of Khadi and cottage industry.

3.  It was started to settle the 7000 displaced
persons and later integrated with 100 villages
surrounding Nilokheri.
 This scheme was called “Mazdoor Manzil”.
Objectives:
 Self sufficiency for rural cum urban township
in all essential requirements of life.
 Making provision of work and training for the
people according to their native background.
 To enable transactions between the
consumer and the producer, to approach a
vertical order.

4.  Polytechnic training for BDO and SEO and
VLW.
 Housing and marketing facilities.
 Management of schools, hospitals and
recreation centre.
 To make the cultivable land of all 700 acres
of Swampy land.
 Cooperative credit facility.
 Small scale industries were run on
cooperative basis.

5.  The second name of this project is “ Average
district project”.
 Started in 1948.
Objectives:
 To develop the mental power of people.
 Arousing their interest and initiative.
 Improving crops and livestock.
 To encourage panchayats.
 To build up the sense of self help in villagers.

6.  Villagers should be educated instead of
working with them.
 Education should be given through
demonstration and persuasion.
 Trained personnel were employed in
following jobs for demonstration of better
practices: Scientific Agriculture, Animal
Husbandry, Rural life Analysis, Better seeds,
manures, implements, public health, village
industry.

7.  Construction of sanitary walls.
 Agricultural Demonstration.
 Construction of roads.
 Supply of seeds and manures.
 Horticulture.
 Reform of cattle breeds.

8. Meaning:
The Planning Commission of India
 “Community development is an attempt
to bring about a social and economic
transformation of village life through the
efforts of the people themselves.”

9.  The term community development appears
to have originated from Cambridge in
England.
 In 1948, the Cambridge Summer Conference
on African Administration:
“ Movement designed to promote better living
for the whole community with active
participation”

10. Community development is a process of
change from the traditional way of living of
rural communities to progressive way of
living as a method by which people can be
assisted to develop themselves on their own
capacity and resources as a programme for
accomplishing certain activities in field
concerning the welfare of rural people and
as a movement of progress with a certain
ideological content.

11.  Was launch on 2 Oct 1952 with 55 community
development projects.
 Each project has operational area of about 400
to 500 square miles comprising 300 villages and
population is about 2 lakhs.
 Project area was divided into 3 development
blocks, each consisting about 100 villages and a
population of 60 to 70 thousand.
 Project was headed by project officer and
Subject matter extension officers.
 Each project had about 60 multi purpose Village
Level Workers one for each group of 5-10
villages.

12.  In India, the objective behind the community development programme is
to develop the resources of the people and to assist each village in
planning and carrying out the integrated agricultural production. Like
this, the major objectives of this project are:
 To change the outlook of all village people.
 To improve existing village crafts and industries and organizing new ones,
providing minimum essential health services and improving health
practices.
 Providing required educational facilities for children and adults as well as
recreational facilities.
 Improving housing and family living conditions of villagers.
 To develop a responsive village leadership, village organization and
institutions.
 To develop village people so that they become self reliant and
responsible citizens.
 To help people that they can increase their income and quality of life.
 Organizing or arranging trainings for voluntary local leaders like members
of panchayats, village and block advisory committees etc. and
professional community development workers like village level workers,
extension officers, block development officers.

13. 1) Work based on “felt needs”
The programme should help the community to solve
some of the problems which it feels are existent.
2) Work based on assumption that people want to be
free form poverty and pain:
It is assumed that the members of the community want a
standard of living that allows them to be free form pain
caused by lack of sufficient social side.
a) security
b) recognition
c) response,

14. 3) It is assumed that people wish to have
freedom in controlling their own lines and
deciding the forms of economic, religious,
education and political institutions, under
which they will live.
4) People’s values given due consideration. It
is presumed that co-operation, group
decision-making, self initiative, social
responsibility, leadership, trustworthiness
and ability to work are included in the
programme.

15. 5) Self-Help
The people actually plan and work on the
solution of their problems themselves. If the
problems of the community are entirely
ameliorated through the efforts of some
outside agency, then the development of
such things as group decision-making, self-
initiative, self-reliance, leadership etc. will
not be forthcoming and it cannot be said that
the community is developing.

16. 6) People are the greatest resource
It is by getting the participation of the people in
improvement activities that they become
developed.
7) The programme involves a change in
attitude, habits, ways of thinking relationship
among people in the level of knowledge and
intellectual advancement of people, changes in
their skills, i.e. practices of agriculture health
etc.

17. 1. Harnessing Community Tensions:
For changes to occur there must be a tension in
people’s mind between the way things are and the way
people want them to be. There must be a desire for
change and a desire to work together to create the
change.
2. Facilitating Consultation about Community
Realities and Needs:
for community development to work successfully, there
has to be awareness about community needs as decided
upon by the community themselves, not as decided
upon by outsides.

18. 3. Maintaining Unity and Healthy Human Relations:
It is important to build respectful healthy relationship
between members of the group and to work on managing
conflicts as they occur so as to maintain a collective
vision.
4. Developing a Common Vision of Sustainable Future:
If community development is to work, it must be
sustainable and the process must include
everyone. Stories abound of development processes failing
because the resources or the process were not sustainable
or well devised or were done without consultation. We
have all seen pictures of computers lying unused because
the hardware or software broke or just because people in
the community didn’t actually see need for computers.

19.  5. Supporting Core Group Development:
It is essential to encourage and support your group. Get to know
the people in your group. What are their interests and
skills? How much time can they dedicate to the group’s
activities? Everyone needs to be clear about their capacities and
the limits to their time and energy that may exist. Encourage
and build up a strong support base so that the group is not
dependent upon only one or two people. Make sure the group is
as representative of the community as it can be-that means
including and listening to the needs of women and children as
well.
6. Personal Revitalization and Healing:
Good community development processes provide an opportunity
for people to become empowered, energized and to undo some
of the harms of the past.

20. 7. Facilitating Learning:
The entire development process is a learning
experience. People can become aware of their
environment, their social and political reality and can
learn how to make the steps necessary to change and
improve their situation.
8. Building Effective Organizations:
Formalizing the initial volunteer group is crucial part of
the development process. Creating and implementing
formal organization structures creates legitimacy and
respect for the organizations and lets the community know
that you are serious about your endeavours. It helps keep
people unified and accountable and is part of the process
of developing and implementing plans and activities.

21.  9. Networking with Resources and Allies:
Creating the networks between like minded individuals who
then form a group who then network with other groups in order
to learn and share skills and resources and knowledge is a
crucial part of the community development process. The most
effective groups are those that are well networked and work on
co-operation with others in their area. Find out whether your
area has a friendship school or rotary club or other group that is
already working.
10. Programme Development:
It is important to have a clear programme. An ad hoc approach
to community development processes will not work. A
programme must be developed in conjunction with the
community and be about community needs and priorities. They
must adhere to realistic timelines and have inbuilt monitoring
and evaluation processes so that changes can be tracked. The
prorgramme acts as a map to signal where it is the group going.

22.  11. Reflection on the Process: Monitoring and
Evaluation:
Monitoring and Evaluation is very important as it allows the
group to track progress, identify problems, and improve
upon community development processes.
12. Protecting the Process:
Community development processes are dependent upon a
rant of other processes: the good will of those involved,
the continuation of funds, a secure political environment,
a lack of violence. Once any of these dynamics is
disrupted, then negative change and conflict may occur. It
is important to have risk management strategies built into
your process Less well developed processes might have
fallen victim to the conflict and insecurity.

23. There are three stages that community development processes go through:
 Stage One: Relationship Building:
Building relationships of trust and developing friendships are crucial to
successful community development. Getting to know the people in your
own group and the groups with which you are working is the first stage in
the process of creating a sustainable working relationship. Take time to
get to know the people in your Friendship group.
 Stage Two: Process Development:
Once good relationships have been developed, groups can begin to plan
activities. This will involve sharing ideas, dreams, aspirations and
visions, and learning about the community in which you are
working. What are their strengths? What are their needs? What are
their aspirations?
 Stage Three: The Consolidation of Structures and Mechanisms:
At this stage commissions, committees and task forces or interest groups
are formed to plan and implement the activities and programs that have
been collectively decided upon. These structures are also responsible for
keeping the information flowing between the groups and out into the
wider community, and often carry out the monitoring and evaluation
processes that keep the programs and activities vibrant and sustainable.

24. The National Extension Service
programme was formulated in and it
was inaugurated one year after the
community projects that is, on
October 2, 1953.

25.  The National Extension Service is a permanent
organization and will cover the whole country.
 It provides the basic organization, official, non-
official and a minimum financial provision for
development.
 The National Extension Service and the
community development programmes have
uniform unit of operation which is called a
development block.
 It represents on an average 100 villages, with a
population of 60,000 to 70,000 persons spread
over an area of 150 to170 square miles.

26.  To prepare farm plan of farmers.
 To supply the chemical fertilizers, improved
seeds, insecticides and pesticides.
 To bring the cultivated area under package
programme.

27. Thanks