The document discusses different types of memory. It describes sensory memory as brief storage of sensory information for under a second. Short-term memory, also called working memory, temporarily stores information for 20-30 seconds. Long-term memory can endure for days, weeks, months, or decades by strengthening connections between neurons in the brain. The three main types of memory are sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory, with sensory being briefest and long-term potentially lasting a lifetime.

1. Memory-Meaning and
types
Dr. Arpita Sharma Kandpal
Assistant Professor, Dept of Agril Comm, College of Ag, GBPUA&T,
Pantnagar
AAC602 APPLIED BEHAVIOUR CHANGE

2. Memory
 Memory refers to the psychological processes of acquiring, storing, retaining,
and later retrieving information. There are three major processes involved in
memory: encoding, storage, and retrieval.
 Human memory involves the ability to both preserve and recover information.
 However, this is not a flawless process. Sometimes people forget or
misremember things. Other times, information is not properly encoded in
memory in the first place.

3. Concept of Memory
 In its simplest form, memory refers to the continued process of information
retention over time.
 It is an integral part of human cognition, since it allows individuals to recall and
draw upon past events to frame their understanding of and behavior within the
present.
 In order to create a new memory, information must be changed into a usable
form, which occurs through a process known as encoding.
 Once the information has been successfully encoded, it must be stored in memory
for later use.
 Researchers have long believed that memories form due to changes in
brain neurons (nerve cells).
 Our understanding today is that memories are created through the connections
that exist between these neurons—either by strengthening these connections or
through the growth of new connections.

4.  Changes in the connections between nerve cells known as synapses are
associated with the learning and retention of new information.
 Strengthening these connections helps commit information to memory.
 This is why reviewing and rehearsing information improves the ability to
remember it.
 Practice strengthens the connections between the synapses that store that
memory.

5.  Short-term memories are a bit longer and last about 20 to 30 seconds.
 These memories mostly consist of the information people are currently
focusing on and thinking about.
 Some memories are capable of enduring much longer—lasting days, weeks,
months, or even decades.
 Most of these long-term memories lie outside of immediate awareness but can
be drawn into consciousness when needed.

6. Painful Memories
 Research suggests that painful memories are remember because of increased
biological arousal during the negative experience, which increases the
longevity of that memory.

7. Sensory Memory
 Sensory memory is the earliest stage of memory.
 During this stage, sensory information from the environment is stored for a
very brief period of time, generally for no longer than a half-second for visual
information and three or four seconds for auditory information.
 People only pay attention to certain aspects of this sensory memory.
 Attending to sensory memory allows some of this information to pass into the
next stage: short-term memory.

8. Short-Term Memory
 Short-term memory, also known as active memory, is the information we are
currently aware of or thinking about.
 In Freudian psychology, this memory would be referred to as the conscious
mind.
 Paying attention to sensory memories generates information in short-term
memory.
 While many of our short-term memories are quickly forgotten, attending to
this information allows it to continue to the next stage: long-term memory.
 Most of the information stored in active memory will be kept for
approximately 20 to 30 seconds.

9.  The term "short-term memory" is often used interchangeably with "working
memory," which refers to the processes that are used to temporarily store,
organize, and manipulate information.
 In a famous paper published in 1956, psychologist George Miller suggested
that the capacity of short-term memory for storing a list of items was
somewhere between five and nine.


10. Long-Term Memory
 Long-term memory refers to the continuing storage of information. In
Freudian Psychologist, long-term memory would be called the preconscious
and unconscious.
 This information is largely outside of our awareness but can be called into
working memory to be used when needed.
 Some memories are fairly easy to recall, while others are much more difficult
to access.

11. Recap
 One model suggests that there are three main types of memory: sensory
memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
 Sensory memory is very brief, short-term memory is slightly longer, and long-
term memory can last a lifetime.

12. Thanks