2. Objectives
At the end of the class the learners will be able to:
- define culture and indicate its characteristics and elements;
- gain an understanding and appreciation the differences of
culture;
- distinguish between surface and deep culture;
5. Root Level of Ethics
Etiquette
Different Perspectives
Ethical Dilemma
Social and Official Life Public Behavior
Theory Ideology
Confusion Debate
6. Culture: The set of society and custom
Culture is the Centre of a society and
without culture no society can even
exist. It is the main difference between
human beings and animals. It is a
heritage transmitted from one
generation to another. It includes all the
ways and behaviors is social life. Man is
born in the environment of culture, in
which he seeks his way of behaving and
acting in a given society.
“Culture is everything which is socially shared and learned by
the members of a society.” Horton and Hunt
Retrieved from
https://plus.google.com/115827794899104321802/posts/4kAbg2cyXr7
7. “It is that complex whole including beliefs, art, region,
values, norms, ideas, law, taught, knowledge, custom and
other capabilities acquired y a man as a member of a
society.” - Tylor
Characteristics of Culture
• Culture is learned
• Culture is social
• Culture is shared
• Culture is transmitted
• Culture is continuous
• Culture is accumulative
• Culture is learned
• Culture is integrated
• Culture is changing
• Culture varies from society
to society
• Culture is responsive
• Culture is gratifying
• Linked with society
8. Elements of Culture
Value
Norm
Symbol
Language
Knowledge
• Criteria for judging right and wrong
• Rule of guideline that says how to Norm
behave in a particular situation
• Gesture and different sign that express a
particular meaning
• Verbal and written symbols that can be used
for communication with
• Body facts and practical skills that Knowledge
people accumulate over time
9. Surface Culture
(What can be easily seen)
Visible
Deep Culture
(Difficult to see)
Unseen
Deep
Ways of life, dress, laws,
customs, behaviour, rituals,
festivals, language, literature,
arts
Beliefs, philosophy, ideologies,
norms, family roles, biases
Values, ethics, tastes,
attitudes, desires,
assumptions, expectations,
myths
Iceberg Model of Culture
Retrieved from
https://www.google.com.ph/search?rlz=1C1OPRB_enPH800PH800&biw=1366&bih=613&tbm=isch&
sa=1&ei=pjaSW9WrM4zS8QWBhoXoAQ&q=iceberg&oq=iceberg&gs_l=img.3..0j0i67k1l2j0j0i67k1j0j0
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Q#imgrc=js3WGPBuWXjwwM:
10. The Three Layers of Culture of Dennis O'Neil
Most obviously is the body of cultural
traditions that distinguish your specific
society. When people speak of Italian,
Samoan, or Japanese culture, they are
referring to the shared language, traditions,
and beliefs that set each of these peoples
apart from others. In most cases, those
who share your culture do so because they
acquired it as they were raised by parents
and other family members who have it.
https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=filipino+culture&rlz=1C1OPR
B_enPH800PH800&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjK‐
sPjuajdAhXH2FMKHYtCBmEQ_AUICigB&biw=1366&bih=613#imgrc=
VMtteSJ3Vc5PCM:
11. The second layer of culture that may be part of
your identity is a subculture. In complex, diverse
societies in which people have come from many
different parts of the world, they often retain
much of their original cultural traditions. As a
result, they are likely to be part of an identifiable
subculture in their new society. The shared
cultural traits of subcultures set them apart from
the rest of their society. Members of each of
these subcultures share a common identity, food
tradition, dialect or language, and other cultural
traits that come from their common ancestral
background and experience. As the cultural
differences between members of a subculture and
the dominant national culture blur and eventually
disappear, the subculture ceases to exist except
as a group of people who claim a common
ancestry.
https://www.google.com.ph/search?rlz=1C1OPRB_enPH800PH80
0&biw=1366&bih=613&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=4zOSW47ZBNG0zwKV
kY3ADg&q=subculture&oq=subculture&gs_l=img.3...102194.1049
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7FgK6Bg#imgrc=adwmkY9sp4dmpM:
12. The third layer of culture consists of cultural universals. These
are learned behavior patterns that are shared by all of humanity
collectively. No matter where people live in the world, they
share these universal traits.
• communicating with a verbal language consisting of a limited set of sounds and grammatical rules for
constructing sentences
• using age and gender to classify people (e.g., teenager, senior citizen, woman, man)
• classifying people based on marriage and descent relationships and having kinship terms to refer to them
(e.g., wife, mother, uncle, cousin)
• raising children in some sort of family setting
• having a sexual division of labor (e.g., men's work versus women's work)
• having a concept of privacy
• having rules to regulate sexual behavior
• distinguishing between good and bad behavior
• having some sort of body ornamentation
• making jokes and playing games
• having art
• having some sort of leadership roles for the implementation of community decisions
14. The Filipino Culture and Values
This influences were not passively
absorbed in to the Filipino culture but
assimilated in a selective way , and this
process of a acculturation varied from
region to region .
The complexity of Filipino culture is compounded as this has
been exposed to continuous and various streams of culture
from without.
15. Contributory Factors to Filipino Culture
The Filipino culture is a summation of indigenous forces and
foreign influences that had come to bear upon the people in
varying degrees during the last centuries.
These foreign influences that contributed in
the shaping of a Filipino culture are as follows:
The Malays
The basic component of Filipino culture is the
Malay temperament which could best be described
by “niceness and pleasantness” to others rather
than by virtue of law abiding features. In its
fluidness of culture , the Malay family clan or unit is
the world’s best security system.
Retrieved from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Mal
ays#/media/File:Sri_Lankan_Malay_Father_an
d_Son.jpg
16. Chinese
Filial piety between parents and children , the
flexibility to go along with other people and the
“ sageliness within and the kingliness without
“ of the Filipino is believed to be due to
Chinese influence.
The Indian influence
Indian influence is found in the languages ,
mode of dressing , architectural art , folk ,
beliefs , brass , and copperware.
The Hindu influence
It is the most pervasive in the Filipino belief
system . For instance is the prediction of
Filipino newspaper readers for horoscope and
fortunetelling sections.
Retrieved from
https://vedicambassador.files.wordpre
ss.com/2014/02/parasara_jyotish.png?
w=593&h=593
Retrieved from
https://img.clipartxtras.com/85a53dd3fdf4f3cbbb4930e84bce23ba_7
311‐asian‐family‐stock‐vector‐illustration‐and‐royalty‐free‐asian‐
family‐clipart_1300‐823.jpeg
17. The Spanish Heritage
It is reflective of more developed societies
at their point of contact , broadened the
outlook of the Filipino . Spain introduced a
community oriented rather than a family-
oriented religion in the form of Christianity
It contributed to an elite class . A social
and political organization, according to western institutions, was
brought into the Philippines.
The Americans
The united states further broadened this
heritage by introducing a democracy that
called for individual liberty and equality
as well as a national political community
to which everybody was supposed to
participate through national suffrage.
Retrieved from
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/68/Carlos_V_Francisco_First_Mass_in_the_Phili
ppines.png
Retrieved from http://www.pepper.ph/wp‐
content/uploads/2015/01/Pepper20_american00_unclesamcoo
k.jpg
18. The Filipino Cultural Perspectives
The Filipino culture’s existence and development is viewed and
interpreted in many ways. Some of them are:
The Traditional Concept
The traditionalist holds that Filipino culture was developed due to
the conglomeration of the physical, intellectual, moral, and
spiritual aspects. It assumes that underneath the independent and
widely divergent culture as shown in their way of life, there is an
underlying basic root of unity that holds the cultural tree together
and infuses one clear, distinct substance through its veins. This
includes their art of living, philosophy in life, attitudes toward God,
nature and fellowmen.
19. The Nationalistic View
This concept regards culture as the summation of
the needs of the people, the description of their past
and present condition, an expression of their values,
thoughts and emotions, and the depiction of their
historic struggles to liberate themselves. True
national culture is inextricably linked to the people’s
needs, ideas, emotions, and practices.
Cultural Dualism
This theory maintains that the Philippines is a transitional
society dominated on one side by the traditional culture
and on the other side by the modern culture. The norms
and values of these two forces inevitably oppose each
other leading to conflicts in the life of individual. Because
of the conflict brought by the various foreign influences
into the Philippines, the Filipinos have to engage into a
selective integration and modification of foreign
influences into a distinct Filipino culture. Retrieved from https://encrypted‐
tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRLSxgRuPv7UV3h
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tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSET7sjnj_‐
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20. Belief System
Filipinos are religious. They believe so much in supernatural
powers and view themselves as only a speck in this wide
universe. This Filipino belief
in the supernatural powers
taught them to trust prayers
rather than hard work in the
realization of their dreams.
Success is considered a
blessing from above, a result
of good luck and faith. It also taught him to value traits like
perseverance, patience, and
endurance.
Retrieved from https://www.quora.com/What‐was‐the‐religion‐of‐Philippines‐before‐the‐Spanish‐arrival
21. Good is considered relative. What is considered good to one may
not be good to another. Happiness and success differ from one
person to another. Elders, parents, and superiors are respected
and obeyed. Hospitality is one practice Filipinos believe in
because it is their way of implementing threw golden rule: “Do
unto others what you want others do unto you”.
Value System
Cultural values are shared assumption
of what is right, good, or important.
Values actually guide man’s behavior
and action as he relates himself in
most situations in life.
https://image.slidesharecdn.com/filipinovalues‐120628222640‐
phpapp01/95/filipino‐values‐1‐728.jpg?cb=1340922437
22. The Filipino values can best be seen from the aspects of
personal and social relationships. Personally, the Filipinos value
more their honor and status than anything else. Majority of them
takes care of their honor (karangalan) rather than wealth.
In decision making, the
Filipinos usually consult and
take into consideration the
consensus of the family
members as the feelings of
those who are to be affected. Retrieved from http://clipartstation.com/wp‐content/uploads/2017/11/filipino‐family‐clipart‐
9.jpg
23. Socially, the Filipinos give more emphasis on social
relationships. This can be seen through the hospitality they give
to their visitors and friends. They love to mingle with people
particularly with friends and relatives. They engage themselves
in mutual cooperation, which is best pictured through the
“bayanihan”.
In terms of emotion, the Filipinos are
friendly. They smile at people, even with
strangers when they are approach. They
are warm and simple. Women in the
Philippines are highly regarded and
respected and can be relied upon when it
comes to family affairs. Retrieved from https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/‐
oVVBTFWotOU/TYCME4jlTBI/AAAAAAAAAJw/NXpcev5
3T8Y/s200/TF+in+green+circle.jpg
24. Ethics and Culture. (2014, May 6). Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/ShahebAnik1/4‐ethics‐and‐culture
General Introduction to Culture. (2017, December 5). Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/pradheepxing/general‐introduction‐to‐culture
Retrieved from http://www.open.edu/openlearn/ocw/mod/resource/view.php?id=17691
What is Culture, Definition, Features & Characteristics of Culture. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.studylecturenotes.com/social‐
sciences/sociology/112‐what‐is‐culture‐
Human Culture: What is Culture? (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www2.palomar.edu/anthro/culture/culture_1.htm
society and culture_ the filipino values and culture. (2011, August 23). Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/mhaee/society‐and‐culture‐
the‐filipino‐values‐and‐culture
Sources:
