I have created this presentation on the topic of Water as in today's scenario, the pollution of water and improper water management is becoming one of the biggest problems of our country. So, with the introduction, all the causes, factors, and problems, I have also mentioned some solutions.

1. Arya Datta
Class - 10
Geography - Graded assignment
Term 1 - 2020

2. Index
1. Introduction to Water Resources
2. Domains of Water Resources
3. Urban Water Resources and its Management
4. Factors affecting and causes
5. Solutions for Sustainable Water Resources
6. Conclusion
7. Bibliography
8. Acknowledgement

3. Essence to Life
WATER

4. Water Resources
The term ‘water resources’ refers to any of the entire range
of natural waters that occur on the Earth, regardless of
their state(vapour, liquid or solid) and that are of
potential use to living beings.
About 97% of Earth’s water supply is in the oceans which is
basically of no use to humans. Out of the left 3% of water
supply, 2.3% is locked in the polar ice caps. Out of the
0.7% of freshwater, 0.66% is groundwater and thus, only
o.33% of water is available to us as freshwater in lakes,
streams, rivers, etc.

5. Talking about India -
1. India is a land of rich natural resources, water being one of the most vital
of all.
...
2. India being essentially an agricultural country, we need water for
agriculture as well as industry.
...
3. Water is stored in reservoirs behind dams to supply water to villages and
cities for their uses. It is also used for irrigation, hydroelectricity and
navigation.
...
4. Demand for water is increasing rapidly with the increase in population,
whereas the supply of water remains the same.
...
5. India has only 4% of the world’s water resources. Even this limited supply
can be depleted or made unusable by extensive utilization, pollution and
poor management of water.
...

6. 6. We receive plenty of water in the short rainy season and the remaining part
, of the year remains dry. Under such conditions the balance between the demand
, and the supply has to be balanced.
...
7. The main sources or the domains of water are as follows :
(i) Surface water
(ii) Ground water
(iii) Lagoons and backwater

7. Domains Of Water
Resources

8. Surface Water Resources in India
Rainfall is the main source of freshwater in India. From
precipitation alone(including snowfall), India receives 4000
cubic kms of water.
Much of it is lost through through evaporation and plant
transpiration.
Surface water is available on the surface of the Earth in
the form of rivers, lakes, ponds and canals. However, rivers
comprise the most important source of surface water. India
is blessed with a large number of major medium and small
rivers.

9. As many as 13 Indian rivers are classified as major rivers
whose total catchment area wis 252.8 millions hectares.
Of the major rivers, the Ganga, Brahmaputra-meghna system is
the biggest with a catchment area that is more than 43% of
the catchment area of all the major rivers of India.
Most of the himalayan rivers are large and originate in the
snow covered high areas of the Himalayan Ranges. As such
they carry sufficient water throughout the year and are
known as perennial rivers.
In contrast, the rivers of the peninsular India are
seasonal. They carry no or very little water in the dry
Summer Season.

10. Groundwater Resources in India
The part of rainwater that seeps through the cracks and
crevices into the ground is called groundwater.
Groundwater represents one of the most important source of
water in India and accounts for over 400 cubic kms of the
annual utilizable resource in the country.The distribution
of groundwater is very uneven in India.
In some areas, groundwater exists in deep aquifers while in
others the water is stored near the surface. Groundwater
varies greatly with the changes in topography, subsurface
geology and the prevailing climate in the region.

11. The location of the aquifer also affects its recharge rate
and is susceptibility to pollution and overuse.
In general, the mountains and the hilly regions in the north
and the west India do not allow adequate infiltration and as
a consequence groundwater is mostly limited in plains and
other low lying areas.
Coastal regions are usually rich in groundwater owing to the
largely alluvial terrain.
The alluvial track of the gangetic plain has the best
potential for groundwater extraction in the country.
Groundwater quality is generally excellent in most areas and
presents a relatively safe source of drinking water for
Indians in rural and urban areas.

12. Lagoons and Backwaters of India
India has a very long coastline stretching over more than
6000 kms.
This coast is very indented in some states like, Kerala,
Odisha, were a large number of lagoons have been formed.
These lagoons and lakes serve as surface water resources.
Although the quality of water is generally brackish in
nature, these are used for fishing and irrigating paddy
crops and coconut.

13. India is basically an agricultural country where nearly
two-thirds of its population depends on agricultural
production.
In order to increase the agricultural production, we have to
improve our irrigation resources.
Since our agriculture is totally dependent on our Monsoon
system, the distribution of water throughout the country is
highly uneven.

14. Urban Water
Resources and its
management

15. About 30% of people in India live in cities that are expected
to double in population by 2050. With a growing economy and
changing lifestyles the pressure on already strained water
resources is increasing. The government has shown an interest
in Integrated Urban Water Management (IUWM) as a new framework
and approach for the nation.
Urban water refers to all water that occurs in the urban
environment and includes consideration of natural surface
water and groundwater, water provided for potable use, sewage
and other 'waste' waters, stormwater, flood services,
recycling of water (third pipe, stormwater harvesting, sewer
mining, managed aquifer recharge, etc.), techniques to improve
water use efficiency and reduce demands, water sensitive urban
design techniques, living streams, environmental water and

16. protection of natural wetlands, waterways and estuaries in
urban landscapes.
The aim of urban water management is to create cities and
towns that are resilient, liveable, productive and
sustainable. They interact with the urban hydrological cycle
in ways that:
● provide water security through efficient use of the
diverse water sources available
● protect and restore the health of waterways and wetlands
● mitigate flood risk and damage

17. ● create public and private places that harvest, clean and
recycle water, resulting in water resource, environmental
and social liveability benefits.
● provide water for productive, sustainable, liveable and
resilient communities.

18. Factors affecting
the Urban Water
Resources

19. There are many causes for problems in Water Supply in
Urbanised Regions in Developing Countries.
● A high rate of population growth especially in the
regions where people face numerous problems of water
scarcity.
...
● Lack of investments in water supply infrastructure.
...
● Movement of large number of people from countryside and
villages to towns and cities.
...

20. ● Increased competitions between different uses of water
resources.
...
● A very large amount of pollution from factories,
farmlands, industries, etc.
...
● Demands for greater food security and higher living
standards.
...

21. Solutions for
sustainable Water
Resources

22. Solutions
There are many solutions to
control the exploitation of
water resources.
I would like to start with
the main topic -
Multi-purpose projects

23. A Start to Multi-Purpose Projects
● To tackle the problem of drought and floods at the same
time, and supply water for agriculture, a policy of
efficient management of water was adopted by the
government of India after independence.
...
● Under this policy emphasis was placed on maximum
exploitation of the existing water potential of the
country, mainly from the various rivers for serving
irrigation as the main purpose along with many others,
hence the nomenclature - ‘Multi-purpose projects’.

24. Developments in Multi-Purpose Projects
A multi purpose project is made by constructing a dam across
perennial rivers. It aims at the effective use of water for
a number of benefits such as flood control, drinking water,
irrigation, navigation through canals, etc.
Some of the major Multi-Purpose projects are:
1) The Bhakra Nangal Project on the river Sutlej and
tributary of river Indus. Its main purpose was to supply
water to Sirhind and Western Yamuna Canal and flood
control in River Sutlej.
...

25. 2) Damodar Valley Corporation on river Damodar. Its main
purpose was to control floods as river Damodar is called
‘river of sorrow’ owing to its devastating floods.
It has four dams, Tilaiya, Konar, Maithon and Panchet hill.
Their main purpose is to prevent floods and supply water for
irrigation.
...
3) Hirakud Dam is one of the largest dams on the river
Mahanadi. Hence it is also called the ‘Mahanadi Valley
Project’. The main objective of this is to regulate the flow
of water during floods.
...

26. Other important multipurpose projects used for irrigation
are:
(i) Rihand project on Rihand River.
(ii) Turgabhadra project on turgabhadra river.
(iii) Chambal project on Chambal river.
(iv) Kosi project on Kosi river.
(v) Nagarjunasagar dam on Krishna river.
(vi) Narmada Valley Project (Sardar Sarovar Project) on the
river Narmada.

27. Other ways to Conserve Water Resources
1. Sustainable water management
Improving water infrastructure must be a priority, as water
conservation and efficiency are key components of
sustainable water management. Solar desalination and smart
irrigation systems are great examples of clean technology
for water efficiency and control. That obviously applies
even more to the agriculture and farming sector - the
largest consumer of water.

28. 2. Reclaimed water
Rainwater harvesting and recycled wastewater also allow to
reduce scarcity and ease pressures on groundwater and other
natural water bodies. Groundwater recharge, that allows
water moving from surface water to groundwater, is a
well-known process to prevent water scarcity.
3. Pollution control & better sewage treatment
Without proper sanitation, the water becomes full of
diseases and unsafe to drink. That is why addressing
pollution, measuring and monitoring water quality is

29. essential. Besides, improving the sewage systems in specific
areas is another way to prevent water scarcity from becoming
any worse.
4. Awareness & Education
Education is critical to solve the water crisis. In fact, in
order to cope with future water scarcity, it is necessary to
radically reform all forms of consumption, from individual
use to the supply chains of large companies.

30. Conclusion
Though our Indian Government is taking large steps to
conserve Water Resources, many parts of India are
still facing crisis of Water Scarcity.
At the finish of my presentation, I would like to
conclude by stating that India is blessed with a large
amount of water resources but we need to use only how
much we need.

31. Bibliography
I read many various books which had ‘Water Resources’
related topics in them.
I even referred to various different websites to get a
better and detailed understanding of the concepts included.

32. Acknowledgment
The successful and the final outcome of this project required lots
of guidance and support from many people and i am extremely
fortunate to have completed my project work.
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my
teacher, Mr. Devdutt Raval, who gave me a golden opportunity to
undertake this project of making a presentation on the topic of
Water, which I actually enjoyed doing.
I would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me
a lot in finalizing this assignment within the limited time frame.
I would like to thank my elder sister - Aditi for her small
information and big critical comments, which helped me improve
the presentation of the work.