6. What is GIS?
• A Geographic Information System
(GIS) is a computer-based system
including software, hardware, people,
and geographic information
• A GIS can:
create, edit, query, analyze, and display
map information on the computer
7. Geographic Information System
• Geographic – 80% of government data collected is
associated with some location in space
• Information - attributes, or the
characteristics (data), can be used to symbolize and
provide further insight into a given location
• System – a seamless operation linking the
information to the geography – which requires
hardware, networks, software, data, and operational
procedures
…not just software!
…not just for making maps!
8. Who uses GIS?
• International organizations
UN HABITAT, The World Bank, UNEP, FAO, WHO,
etc.
• Private industry
Transport, Real Estate, Insurance, etc.
• Government
Ministries of Environment, Housing, Agriculture,
etc.
Local Authorities, Cities, Municipalities, etc.
Provincial Agencies for Planning, Parks,
Transportation, etc.
• Non-profit organizations/NGO’s
World Resources Institute, ICMA, etc.
• Academic and Research Institutions
Smithsonian Institution, CIESIN, etc.
9. • The possibilities are unlimited…
Environmental impact assessment
Resource management
Land use planning
Tax Mapping
Water and Sanitation Mapping
Transportation routing
and more ...
What can you do with a GIS?
10. How does a GIS work?
• GIS data has a spatial/geographic
reference
This might be a reference that
describes a feature on the earth using:
• a latitude & longitude
• a national coordinate system
• an address
• a district
• a wetland identifier
• a road name
11. • A GIS stores information about the
world as a collection of thematic layers
that can be linked together by
geography
Polygon 3 Scrub 17 Very high Clay
Geography and Databases
12. GIS provides Data Integration
Vectors
Topology
Networks
Terrain
Surveys
Images
CAD
Drawings
Annotation
Addresses
27 Main St.
Attributes
ABC
107’
3D Objects
Dimensions
• Roads
• Land Parcels
• Population
• Utilities
• Land Mines
• Hospitals
• Refugee Camps
• Wells
• Sanitation
13. Two fundamental types of data
• Vector
A series of x,y coordinates
For discrete data represented as points, lines,
polygons
• Raster
Grid and cells
For continuous data such as elevation, slope,
surfaces
• A Desktop GIS should be able to handle both
types of data effectively!
15. Other features of a GIS
• Produce good cartographic products
(translation = maps)
• Generate and maintain metadata
• Use and share geoprocessing models
• Managing data in a geodatabase
using data models for each sector
16. Hint – having GIS software does
not a cartographer make!
• Good to know something about
these issues when creating a
map and doing spatial analysis…
Scale/Resolution
Projection
Basic cartographic principles
regarding design, generalization,
etc.
17. GIS is (rapidly) evolving
Projects Systems Networks
Integrated Coordinated Cooperative
Societal
Collaborative
18. Spatial Data Infrastructure
(SDI)
• Definition - the technology, policies,
standards, human resources, and
related activities necessary to
acquire, process, distribute, use,
maintain, and preserve spatial data
• Part of many nation’s e-Gov strategy
• www.GSDI.org
19. Problem Statement – ?????
*
Formulate the question
Mitigate and change Seek solutions
Observe,
acquire data
Analyze
Diagram courtesy of
Michael Goodchild, UCSB
Geospatial
data
Socio-
Economic
data
Ground-
Based
dataOther
Ancillary
data
* Added
GIS as part of your
decision making process…
21. World Summit on
Sustainable Development
2002
“Promote the development and
wider use of earth observation
technologies, including satellite
remote sensing, global mapping
and geographic information
systems, to collect quality data on
environmental impacts, land use
and land use changes.”
25. A Tale of Two
Cities
The formal and
the informal
Both deserve
GIS… complexity
is not an accuse!
GIS for planning underdeveloped areas
Source: Rosario Giusti de Perez
26. The lack of public open space.
Barrios have a percentage of
public space between 5% and
10%.
In the average city total space
constitute over 30% of the total
space.
Urban poverty measured in terms of quantity and quality of public space.
The absence of adequate
infrastructure,
Urban furniture and
maintenance which
combined produces unhealthy
and insecure conditions.
GIS for planning underdeveloped areas
Source: Rosario Giusti de Perez
27. DEALING WITH A COMPLEX MORPHOLOGY REQUIERES:
Understanding the existing physical order
Identifying the social order conformed by community
ties and with no physical evidence
Transformation capacity is determined through a
detailed review of the built form
GIS for planning underdeveloped areas
Source: Rosario Giusti de Perez
28. Sustainability is preserving
the small social groups
Analysis of the social
network and community ties
The social network is topology related.
GIS for planning underdeveloped areas
Source: Rosario Giusti de Perez
