3. Introduction
A serious and unexpected situation requiring an immediate
action.
It is an unforeseen combination of circumstances or the
resulting state that calls for an immediate action.
4. Types of emergencies
UNCONSIOUSNESS
I. Vasodepressor Syncope
II. Acute Adrenal Insufficiency
III. Postural/Orthostatic Hypotension
IV. Hypoglycemia
SEIZURES
RESPIRATORY EMERGENCIES
I. Airway obstruction
II. Asthma
III. Hyper ventilation
5. CARDIOVASCULAR EMERGENCIES
I. Angina pectoris
II. Myocardial infarction
III. Cardiac arrest
DRUG-RELATED EMERGENCIES
I. Overdose reactions
II. Allergy
NEEDLE STICK INJURY
Types of emergencies
6.
7. Prevention
Goals:
Comprehensive medical history
Physical examination and Prompt recognition of symptoms of an
emergency
Basic life support
Affiliation to definitive medical care
Vigilant observation
8. COMPREHENSIVE MEDICAL HISTORY
Thorough questionnaire
Past medical history
Familial disease history
Psychological/ social status
Diet
9. ASA PHYSICAL STATUS CLASSIFICATION
(1962)
ASA I: Healthy patient with no systemic disease.
ASA II: Patient with mild systemic disease with no limits on activity.
ASA III: Patient with severe systemic disease that limits activity. But it is not
incapacitating.
ASA IV: Patient with incapacitating systemic disease that is constant threat to life.
ASA V: A Moribund patient not expected to survive more than 24 hours .
ASA 6 : Declared brain dead patient whose organ may be removed for donor purpose.
ASA E: Emergency of any kind.
10. Preparation
BASIC LIFE SUPPORT
Primary response to all emergencies.
CAB-D (Circulation > Airway > Breathing, > Defibrillate)
19. Syncope
Syncope is an abrupt transient loss of consciousness associated with inability to maintain
postural tone. The episode is usually due to hypoperfusion to the cerebral cortex and the
cerebral reticular activating system.
20.
21. Phases of Synope
Pre-syncope
• Feeling of warmness
over face and neck
• Paleness
• Sweating.
• Feels cold.
• Abdominal discomfort.
• Dizziness.
• Mydriasis (Pupillary
dilatation.)
• Yawning.
• Increased heart rate.
• Steady or slight decrease
in blood pressure
Syncope
• Patient loses
consciousness.
• Generalized muscle
relaxation.
• Bradycardia (Weak
thready pulse.)
• Seizure (Twitching of
hands, legs, and face.)
• Eyes open (Out and up
gaze.)
• Airway obstruction
Post-syncope
• Variable period on
mental confusion.
• Heart rate increases
(Strong rate and
rhythm.)
• Blood pressure back to
normal levels.
23. Postural or orthostatic hypotension
Postural or orthostatic hypotension is a disorder of autonomic
nervous system in which syncope occurs when patient
assumes an upright position.
Only BP get reduced.
24. Etiology
Administration of drugs e.g. Antihypertensives, sedatives and narcotics histamine
blockers, levo dopa
Prolonged period of recumbency or convalescence
Late stage pregnancy
Advanced age
Venous defects in legs (e.g. varicose veins)
Addisson’s disease
Physical exhaustion and starvation
Chronic postural hypotension (Shy – Drager syndrome)
28. Acute adrenal insufficiency
Potentially life - threatening situation that may result in the loss of
consciousness due to adrenal insufficiency secondary to exogenous
cortico steroid administration
PREDISPOSING FACTORS:
Lack of glucocorticosteroid hormones
Primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison’s disease)
Temporary insufficiency resulting from cortical suppression through
prolonged exogenous glucocorticosteroid administration (secondary
insufficiency).
Bilateral adrenalectomy
Injury to the both adrenal glands (trauma, infection, thrombosis, or
tumor)
29. Clinical features
Adrenocorticol suppression should be considered if the patient had a glucocorticoid therapy :
In a dose of 20 mg or more of cortisone or its equivalent
Via oral or parenteral route for a continuous period of two weeks or longer
Within 2 years of dental therapy
30.
31.
32. Hypoglycemia
Hypoglycemia is a common emergency condition in which low serum (or
plasma)glucose levels due to overdosage of insulin, hypoglycemic drugs etc
33. Dental consideration
Appointments should be of short duration and early in morning
Prior Antibiotic coverage to prevent infection
Procedures can be carried out immediately after a meal.
Glucose drink should be available in clinic while treating diabetic patient
34. Management
Glucose and sugar-containing beverages administered orally to
Conscious patients for rapid effect.
Alternatively, milk candy bars, fruit, cheese, etc may be adequate in
mild cases.
IV dextrose is indicated for severe hypoglycemia, in patients with
Altered consciousness and during any restriction of oral intake.
20-25 ml of 50% dextrose should be given immediately.
Glucagon, 1mg IM. (Or SC.)
35. Seizures
“A paroxysmal disorder of cerebral function characterized by a short attack involving changes
in the state of consciousness, motor activity, or sensory phenomena”
EPILEPSY: “A chronic disorder in which nerve cell activity in the brain is disturbed, causing
seizures
36.
37. Prevention
If a patient is known epileptic, make sure he/she has taken their regular dose of anti-
convulsant on the day of treatment.
Instruct him/her to alert you as the aura of the impending seizure manifests itself.
Keep life support equipments ready, in case of an emergency status epilepticus.
38. Management
Self limiting emergency
Position: supine with patient placed on flat surfaces.
Remove dangerous objects from the mouth and around the
patient.(ex. sharp instruments, needles, etc.)
Loosen any tight clothing.
Avoid restraining the patient.
I. Diazepam – 10 mg IV, (2mg/min) repeat every 10 minutes.
II. Phenobarbitone – 100-200 mg/min, i.v.
III. Carbamazepine
IV. Phenytoin
40. Hyperventilation
Excessive rate and depth of respiration leading to abnormal loss of
carbon dioxide from the blood primarily predisposed to stress and
anxiety.
Characterized by:
Rapid short strained breaths
Cold sweats
Palpitations
Dizziness
Chest muscle fatigue
41.
42. Prevention
Exhaled air is inhaled-in again using a paper bag.
Done in order to “rebreathe” your exhaled CO2 to bring the body back to a normal state.
Reduce patient’s stress and anxiousness.
The operator should stay calm and also make the patient be relaxed.
MANAGEMENT
Administration of Benzodiazepenes:
Diazepam (2-5 mg IM./IV. every 3-4 hourly)
Lorazepam (2-3 mg oral per day, BD/TD)
Triazolam (0.25 – 0.5 mg)
Alprazolam (0.25 – 0.5 mg oral TD)
43. Bronchial asthma
“A chronic inflammatory disorder that is characterized by reversible
obstruction of the airways
Predisposing factors
Extrinsic or allergic asthma
Airborne allergens – house dust, feathers, animal dander, furniture
stuffing, fungal spores, or plant pollens.
Food and drugs – shellfish, penicillins, vaccines , asprin, and sulfites.
Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction – Ig e antibodies produced in response
to allergen
44. Intrinsic or idiosyncratic or non-atopic asthma
Non allergic factors – respiratory infection, physical exertion, environmental and air pollution, and occupational stimuli.
Psychological and physiologic stress can also contribute to asthmatic episodes.
Acute episodes are usually more fulminant and severe than those of extrinsic asthma. Long-term prognosis also less
optimistic
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS:
Feeling of chest congestion
Cough, with or without sputum production
Wheezing
Dyspnea
Increased anxiety and apprehension
Tachypnea (>20 - >40 in severe cases)
Rise in B.P
Increase in heart rate (>120 bpm in severe cases)
46. Airway Obstruction
During surgical procedures ,Aspiration of foreign body into air way would cause severe airway obstruction
Occurs more common in patient positioned in a supine or semi supine position with absence of gag reflex
CLINICAL FEATURES:
Coughing,
Inability to speak, breathe
Gurgling,
Gagging to choking
Gasping with panic.
Absent or altered voice sounds
Aspired object may pass into the trachea or the oesophagus
51. Angina pectoris
A condition marked by severe pain in the chest, often also spreading to the shoulders, arms, and neck, owing to an indequate blood supply to the
heart.”
TYPES:
Stable
Variant
Unstable
PRECIPITATING FACTORS:
Sternuvous exercise
Hot, humid environment
Cold whether
Heavy meals
Emotional stress
Cigarette smoking
Smog
High altitudes
52.
53. Management
Medical management includes: Nitrates ,Betablockers, Calcium channel
blockers,Psychological stress management and Reassurance
54. Myocardial Infarction
A clinical syndrome caused by deficient coronary arterial blood supply resulting in
ischaemia to a region of the myocardium and causing cellular death and necrosis.
PREDISPOSING FACTORS:
Atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease
Coronary thrombosis, occlusion and spasm
Males
5th and 6th decades of life
Stress
55. Dental considerations
It is strongly recommended that elective dental care is avoided until at least 6months
after MI
Avoid overstressing the patient
Supplemental oxygen via nasal cannula or nasal hood during the treatment – 3-5L/min
and 5 – 7 L/min
Pain control during therapy – appropriate use of local anesthesia – smaller dose with
maximum effect – slow administration
Psychosedation – N2O – O2 is preferable
Inferior alveolar NB and Posterior superior alveolar NB – risk of hemorrhage – should
be avoided
60. Drug overdose
In a dental practice, commonest overdosage>>LA
Predisposing factors for over dosage:
Patient age/body weight
Route of administration
Presence of vasoconstrictor
Type of local anaesthetic
62. Management
Administer basic life support
Administer Oxygen at 10-15L/minute.
Anticonvulsants, (Midazolam) 2mg, then 1mg.
Allow recovery to occur
Summon EMS, in case of continuation of symptoms,
Intravenous bolus of 1-1.5 ml/kg of 20% ILE solution administered
over one minute. 12.5 ml/kg of 20% ILE over 24 hours in
adults
63. Allergy
• “A hypersensitive state of skin and various mucosa acquired through exposure to a particular
allergen, re exposure to which produces a heightened emergent capacity to react”
• Occurs via expression of IgE in response to Allergen.
CLINICAL FEATURES:
Pallor, Syncope, Palpitations,
Tachycardia, Hypotension, Arrythmias, And Convulsions.
Respiratory Symptoms Include; Sneezing, Cough, Wheezing,
Tightness In Chest, Bronchospasm, Laryngospasm.
Skin Is Warm And Flushed With Itching, Urticaria, And
Angioedema.
Nausea, Vomiting, Abdominal Cramps.
64. Management
General Treatment
Maintain airway, administer oxygen
Monitor vital signs.
Mild Reactions
Benadryl 50-100mg or Cholpheniramine maleate 4-12 mg IV, or IM.
Identify and remove allergen.
Severe Reactions
Epinephrine is drug of choice. Usually prepackaged 1:1,000 in 1mg
If IV in place titrate 1:1,000 solution to effect.
Hydrocortisone sodium succinate (Solu-cortef) 100-500mg IV or IM. Dexamethasone (Decadron) 4-12mg IV or IM.
65. Needle stick injury
Injury made with any sharp instrument.
Encountered more commonly by the practitioner.
HISTORY
Details of incident – time, date, place
Details of injury – location on body, superficial or deep
Source (the person who used the needle) known or unknown?
What kind of needle/syringe?
What, if any, first-aid has been provided?
Was there visible blood on/in the needle/syringe?
Immunisation history (specifically tetanus and hepatitis B)
INVESTIGATIONS
Routine for Hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV.
66.
67. Conclusion
Prompt recognition and efficient management of medical emergencies by a well-prepared
dental team can increase the likelihood of a satisfactory outcome.
The basic algorithm for managing medical emergencies is designed to ensure that the
patient‟s brain receives a constant supply of blood containing oxygen.