green concrete

Design & Tech. Elective 2018
ENERGY EFFICIENT AND ECOFRIENDLY CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE_ GREEN CONCRETE 1
ECOFRIENDLY CONSTRUCTION TECHNIC GREEN
CONCRETE
CHAPTER NO 01_INTRODUCTION AS MATERIAL _
0.1.1_AIM: _
 By using the green concrete it is possible to reduce the CO2 emission in atmosphere
towards eco-friendly construction technique.
 To avoid the pollution and reuse the material, the present study is carried out.
01.2_ OBJECTIVE: _
 The main objective of the material is sustainable development without destruction of
natural resources
0.1.3_ SCOPE: _
 Green concrete is a revolutionary topic in the history of concrete industry. As green
concrete is made with concrete wastes it does take more time to come in India
because of industries having problem to dispose wastes and it also reduces
environmental impact with reduction in CO2 emission.
 Use of green concrete can help us reduce a lot of wastage of several products.
 Various non-biodegradable products can also be used and thus avoiding the issues of
their disposal.
0.1.3_ LIMITATIONS: _
 By using stainless steel, cost of reinforcement increases.
 Structures constructed with green concrete have comparatively less life than
structures with conventional concrete.
 Split tension of green concrete is less than that of conventional concrete

0.1.4_METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNIC FOR
GREEN CONCRETE AS MATERIAL: _
IT SHOULD FOLLOW THE TECHNIQUES 3-R TECHNIQUE
-Reduce
-reuse
-recycle.
 Reduce the greenhouse gas emission.
 Reduce the use of natural resources such as limestone, shale, clay and natural river
sand.
 Use of waste material
THE CONCRETE SHOULD HAVE THE FOLLOWING REQUIREMENT’S TO SAY IT AS GREEN CONCRETE.
o Optimum use of available materials.
o Better performance.
o Reduce shrinkage and creep.
o Reduce carbon foot print.
o Enhanced cohesion workability/consistency.
o Durability- better service life concrete.
o No increase in cost.
o LEED certification.

CHAPTER NO. 02 _LITRATURE REVIEW
02.1_ GREEN CONCRETE (A CONCRETE WITHOUT
CEMENT)
 Concrete is the most used construction material. As the demand of
concrete as a construction material increases, so also the demand of cement.
 Since cement manufacturing industry is responsible for around 5-7% of
total co2 emissions in the world.
 The global warming and climate change are the major concern of the modern society.
 There is a major problem of dumping fly ash; a waste product of thermal power plant
and blast furnace slag; a waste product of metal industries.
 Green concrete is a type of concrete in which cement can be replaced up to 100 %.
02.2_ COMPONENTS OF GREEN CONCRETE:
ALTERNATIVES FOR GREEN CONCRETE
 Fly ash as cement
 Waste concrete
 Recycled concrete as aggregate
 Marble waste as filler material
The major components of green concrete are:-
 Low Calcium (Class F) Fly Ash
 GGBS (Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag)
 Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)
 Alkaline Sodium Silicate (Na2SiO3)
 Aggregates

02.3_ BINDING ACTION OF GREEN CONCRETE
 As we all know that cement act as a binder in concrete to bind aggregates. Although
Fly ash is a pozzolanic material but in green concrete, it does not undergo pozzolanic
reaction.
 In Green concrete the binding action is due to the activation of fly ash by highly
alkaline solution of Sodium Hydroxide and Sodium Silicate, the reaction is called
polymerization reaction.
 The reaction is fast and can be accelerated by providing extra heat.
 We cannot use Class C fly ash as it hinders the reaction.
02.4_MIX DESIGN
A general mix design of green concrete is as follows:
Density = 2400 Kg/m3
 Cementatious material: fine aggregate: coarse aggregate=1 : 1.3 : 3.1
(Cementatious materials=Fly ash + GGBS)
 Alkaline liquid: Cementatious material =0.35
(Alkaline liquid= Sodium Hydroxide +Alkaline Sodium Silicate
• Fly ash: GGBS=7:3
• NaOH: Na2SiO3=2.5
• w/c ratio=0.35
• Molarity of NaOH = 12M
this is a general mix design. Various parameters of this design can be varied to get better
results.
02.5_CURING OF GREEN CONCRETE
As no hydration reaction is taking place so water is not used in the polymerization reaction.
We opt for dry curing to drain out excess water and to accelerate polymerization reaction

02.6_ ADVANTAGES OF GREEN CONCRETE
 Green concrete attains its ultimate strength quickly, can be used for manufacturing
precast members.
 Green concrete does not generate any deleterious alkali-aggregate reaction even in the
presence of high alkalinity.
 Green concrete has very low creep and shrinkage.
 Green concrete can withstand heat and cold better than OPC cement concrete
 Green concrete cost analysis shows that it is economic than OPC cement concrete.
02.7_DISADVANTAGES OF GREEN CONCRETE
 Green concrete requires external heat for curing.
 The polymerization reaction is sensitive to many factors so the products lack
uniformity.
 Green concrete requires skilled labour for its batching and mixing.
Green concrete is still under study and research

03_ CASE STUDIES _
3 AWARD-WINNING GREEN CONCRETE PROJECTS
The Committee on the Environment (COTE) announced its 2015 COTE Top Ten Green
Projects on April 22. The COTE has awarded the honors for 19 years, recognizing projects for
stand-out sustainable architecture and ecological design. Here are three winners featuring
exemplary green concrete construction techniques
03.1_TASSAFARONGA VILLAGE
 Completed in 2010, this modern affordable housing neighbourhood developed on a
former brownfield site provides diverse options for low income residents.
 Total site concrete mix included 25% fly ash and 10% recycled aggregate, and was
locally extracted and manufactured
TASSAFARONGA VILLAGE
Units 157, one-, two-, three- and four-bedroom apartment homes
Population Served Families
Amenities Free high-speed internet access in units, beautifully landscaped
courtyards, community room, play structures, picnic/BBQ
areas, a computer room, and green design elements

03.1.1_PROJECT OVERVIEW
Tassafaronga Village is a new neighborhood bringing a diversity of affordable housing to an
underserved Oakland area, while repairing the deteriorated neighborhood fabric. The 7.5-acre
brownfield infill site—previously home to decrepit public housing, an abandoned factory, and
unused train tracks—was an isolated and unhealthy environment inviting to crime.
Developed in 1945 as war-worker housing, the site is sandwiched between residential and
industrial uses. In 2005 the Oakland Housing Authority began planning to remediate the site
with high-density, accessible, energy-efficient units for low- and very low-income households
and to create a pedestrian-friendly environment that would soften the industrial border and
create safe linkages to neighborhood amenities.
The new village features diverse housing with three times the density of the surrounding area,
including a 60-unit affordable apartment building, 77 affordable attached "townhouses" for
rent (clustered in 13 buildings), and 20 supportive apartments with on-site medical clinic. An
additional 22 Habitat for Humanity townhomes are integrated into the site. Landscaped paths
and traffic-calmed roadways now conveniently connect the housing to the previously isolated
library, local school, City Park, and community center.
Project Owner: Oakland Housing Authority
Location: 81-85th Ave, E-G streets
Oakland California 94612
United States
Submitting Architect: David Baker Architects
Project Completion Date: June, 2010
Project Category: New Construction
Project Site Context/Setting: Urban
Previously Developed Land
Project Type: Residential – Multi-Family 5 or more units
Building or Project Gross Floor Area: 238,000 square feet
Other Building Description: Both new and renovation
New: 90.0%
Renovation: 10.0%
Hours of Operation: 24/7
Total project cost at time of completion, land excluded: $52,800,000.00

03.1.2_DESIGN AND INNOVATIONS
The design was driven by three overarching goals: strengthen the existing urban fabric,
elevate quality of life, and achieve the highest sustainability.
The plan created a coherent transition between the surrounding industrial and residential uses,
repairing the rift in the neighborhood with 15 clustered buildings interdependent with a
network of safe streets and paths. While private, streets are treated as public throughways,
integrating the community with the neighborhood.
All homes connect with the street, directly via entrances or visually, increasing engagement
and ―eyes on the street.‖ Great care was taken with the scale and details of the buildings,
creating an organic landscape typologically consistent with the surrounding neighborhood.
In the article "Design as Balm for a Community's Soul," the New York Times advert
Tassafaronga Village for its "MULTIPLE EFFECT OF GOOD DESIGN"—
A letter from a teenage resident provides an example: ―I love many things about the house I
call home. I can see how the buildings were designed to bring us together and to develop safer
neighborhoods for this beautiful city.
One day I would be honored to do for others what you have done for me…to design houses
for the less fortunate.”
The site replaces 87 units of failing low-income housing, an abandoned industrial building.

03.1.3_LAND USE AND DESIGN ECOLOGY
The team took on the challenge of reviving the contaminated site to become a neighborhood
of opportunity, ecological restoration, and social resilience. The high-priority brownfield site
was remediated, and demolition and construction practices were carefully considered. Erosion
prevention measures were taken, and 88% of demolition waste was sorted on-site and either
re-used or recycled. The abandoned factory building was preserved, despite the relative ease
and cost-effectiveness of tearing it down, in the interest of increased sustainability. 93% of
the existing factory—structural steel, framing and decking, and most exterior walls—was
reused on site. Wooden flooring was reclaimed for use in multiple local projects. The factory
housing was just visited by a college architecture class as an example of ―non-elitist‖ adaptive
reuse.
By eliminating on-grade parking, 40% of this very high-density, 7.5-acre development is
planted landscape. The comprehensive site-wide storm-water strategy includes drainage
systems, infiltration features, and vegetated swales that manage and treat run-off before the
city sewer system. By now, the deep planting beds—including those on the apartment
building podium—have filled out with drought-tolerant shrubs and full-sized trees, creating
shade, reducing heat-island effects, and providing a measure of relief from the relatively poor
neighborhood air quality
The apartment building's green roof and podium planting beds reduce the heat-island effect and
improve air quality.

03.1.4_BIOCLIMATIC DATA
The site is located in a temperate inland coastal zone, removed somewhat from the influence
of San Francisco fog and warmer than other parts of Oakland, but with high diurnal swings
and bay breezes that reliably relieve warmer days. For a low-rise, dense residential
community, these conditions amount to external load-dominated homes in which sunlight is
often, but not always, welcome. Common-sense measures—such as a well-constructed
thermal envelope, natural ventilation, and strategically placed bays—offer solar control and
allow homes to tolerate extremes.
The clustering and jogging of the building masses in both apartment and townhome buildings
offers each unit exposure to multiple orientations, enhancing daylight, air flow, and flexibility
in controlling exposure to sun in the units. Deep roof overhangs, fin walls, site plantings, and
thoughtful window placement provide resilience against heat spikes, relieving high southern
and hot western sun.
The street grid is rotated 30 degrees west of south. The western edges of the apartment
building and factory building facing the industrial zone have the most challenging sun
exposures. On the apartment building, glazing area is shifted as much as possible to the north
and south-facing walls, which enjoy shade from adjacent bays.
In the Oakland climate, common-sense massing strategies expose units to multiple orientations
while protecting glazing from high southern and western sun

03.1.5_AIR AND LIGHT
The building design provides comfortable daylight, views, and airflow by increasing the
exposure in individual rooms and units. Roughly half of all living rooms and bedrooms in the
project include windows facing two orientations, a rare condition in developments of this size
and density. The typical apartment has windows with an 8-foot head height and a 25-30-foot
depth, bringing daylight past the living area into the open kitchen. In the townhomes, most
bathrooms are situated at an exterior wall with a window. Surrounded by living areas, the stair
cores are lit from above by skylights.
All rooms within each unit meet the standard for natural ventilation under ASHRAE 62.2-
2007. Bath exhaust fans are Energy Star-rated with timer controls, and fresh-air intakes
provide make-up air when the windows are not open. Mechanical ventilation serves the
enclosed corridors and non-residential areas in all apartments, which are conditioned by heat
pumps.
A well-insulated thermal envelope and reduced infiltration allow improved comfort and
protection from odors, noise, and other pollutants. In particular, leakage and carbon-monoxide
detection is strictly controlled around the parking garage. Indoor air quality is further
safeguarded through the use of no-combustion appliances, zero-VOC paints, and low-VOC
sealants and carpeting.

03.1.6_PLANS
Plans and Predicted Performance of Apartment Building
Plans and Predicted Performance of Typical Townhouse Clusters

Plans and Predicted Performance of Renovated Pasta Factory

03.1.7_ENERGY FLOW AND ENERGY FUTURE
Reducing energy bills for the low-income residents and improving durability were high
priorities. To plan energy savings goals, LEED and Title 24-2005 metrics drove this project.
It is difficult to predict 2030 Challenge reductions given the treatment of common and
residential lighting/plug loads in low-rise residential codes and standards. Increased insulation
and solar hot water contributed greatly to modeled Title-24-2005 reductions of 40-48% per
building, not including the pasta factory, which was limited to 30% due to challenges in
increasing insulation.
A 180kw photovoltaic system was incorporated to offset common area electric loads. All
buildings have a central, condensing gas water heater with rooftop solar collectors that cover
60% of demand. The townhouse buildings have combined solar-assisted heat and hot water,
with individually-controlled radiators in each room. In the apartments, heat and hot water are
similar but not combined. All units are equipped with 100% high-efficacy lighting and
Energy Star appliances.
When the OHA recently began tracking utility data, yielding a surprising range in
performance among townhouses, OHA was prompted to take remedial actions. Meanwhile,
gas use in the apartment building exceeded projected performance, showing 52% less
consumption than its Title 24 baseline.
Strategies to conserve water, energy, and improve comfort and health were common to all
dwelling units, with the exception of combined heat and hot water

03.1.8_MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTIONS
Multiple strategies targeted smart material use. Foremost, Tassafaronga average unit size
is less than half the national average (1,081 SF vs. 2,519 SF.), which represents an
enormous reduction in material impact per household.
All materials, beginning with demolition, were considered for re-use, recycling, salvage,
transport, and health impacts. 88% of demolition debris was sorted and diverted from landfill,
including concrete that was crushed and used for road base. 93% of the existing factory—
structural steel, framing and decking, and most exterior walls—was reused on site. Wooden
flooring from the structure was stored for use in multiple successive local projects.
Total site concrete mix included 25% fly ash and 10% recycled aggregate, and
was locally extracted and manufactured. FSC-certified hardwood accents were selected for
longevity, and recycled Trex decking was used in place of new wood for extra durability.
The contractor developed a construction-waste management plan before beginning
construction, tracking the implementation of the plan through regular reporting to the OHA,
as well as compliance with the City of Oakland‘s Waste Reduction and Recycling Plan
program. No more than 10% of lumber ordered went to waste, and at completion, the
contractor had recycled 97% of on-site waste.
The general contractor followed a construction-waste-management plan, diverting 88% of
demolition debris from landfill, recycling 97% of on-site waste, and reusing 93% of an existing
factory building

03.1.9_COST AND PAYBACK ANALYSIS:
Tassafaronga was originally conceived as a one-phase project, but to fill a significant
financing gap, the project was split into two financial phases that were designed, constructed,
and managed as if one development. Phase 1 included 137 apartment and townhouse units.
Phase 2 was the adaptive reuse of the factory building into a small supportive housing
development and primary care clinic. Both phases leveraged OHA local funds with tax-
exempt bonds, 4% low-income housing tax credits and a dizzying array of city, State and
private funding sources. Tassafaronga Village was the OHA‘s first self-developed tax-credit
property.
The per-unit construction cost was $439K for Phase 1 and $431K for Phase 2. Approximately
$6.5m covered costs associated with demolition, resident relocation, and site work. While
these costs are high, they fall within the range for similar-sized affordable housing
developments in Northern California.
The development incorporates a 129kw photovoltaic system that is designed to provide $700
to $2,400 per month to offset costs of the common area energy load.
The LEED Certifications were completed within the original budget.
03.1.10_PROCESS AND RESULTS:
Pre-Design:
• 2.5 years of neighborhood outreach resulted in substantial social investment by the
community. When HOPE IV funding fell through, the Housing OHA committed reserve
funds to ensure the realization of the envisioned sustainable village.
• The architect led a team ―green charity‖, setting a LEED sustainability goal. The shared plan
allowed all team members to prioritize sustainability through all phases, resulting in meeting
certification goals.
• The OHA acquired a disused factory and tax-default parcel and undertook a land swap/lot
line exchange with an adjacent owner in order to create an expanded, contiguous, and
coherent site that allowed more extensive street and pathway connections and comprehensive
storm-water treatment that would benefit the larger neighborhood.
Design:
• The design increased density within buildings to allow more open space, and used streets for
parking to reduce pavement/impervious surface.
•The team remediated (vs. easier/cost-effective teardown) the factory building for greater
sustainability, to increase diversity of building types ,and to preserve a historical connection.
•The architect met regularly with engineers to review drawings and ensure sustainability
coordination and documentation.

Construction:
• The architect educated the contractor on sustainability goals/rating systems.
• The general contractor utilized a construction-waste–management plan.
Operations:
• Utility data tracking and benchmarking efforts are underway.
Rating Systems:
• LEED for Homes Platinum (86 points )
• LEED ND (Pilot) Gold, Phase 3 certification 12/2014 (First LEED ND in CA)
Rating System(s) Results:
Rating System:
LEED
Rating Date:
2008
Score or Rating Result:
Certified Gold Plan
Rating System:
LEED for Homes
Rating Date:
2011
Score or Rating Result:
Platinum Certification (157 units in 15 buildings

03.2_NEW ORLEANS BIO INNOVATION
CENTER, NEW ORLEANS
As a non-profit lab and office space, the 64,000-square-foot NOBIC has provided essential
space for biotech startups since opening in 2011.
The project convinced local concrete suppliers to be the first to employ high recycled content
mixes, and had local crews trained for the first installation of pervious concrete in the state
This non-profit lab/office facility serves as an incubator for biotech startups; helping ideas
conceived locally to become local jobs and industries. The New Orleans Bio Innovation
Center (NOBIC) is a four-story, 64,000-square-foot structure adjacent to New Orleans‘s
historic French Quarter, downtown university campuses, and the Treme neighborhood. Built
on a brownfield site, this LEED-Gold research facility is designed as ‗urban acupuncture‘, a
modest project that helped trigger the revitalization of a neighborhood, generating over 200
jobs. The program includes a flexible 100-person conferencing center, breakout spaces, and a
2,000-square-foot café. The design reinterprets vernacular regional climate-responsive
strategies—the slatted shutter, the landscaped courtyard water feature, the sheltered porch—to
provide a facility that is both of its place and of its time
Key challenges:
• Laboratory buildings are among the most intense users of energy of all building types driven
by the intense conditioning of outdoor air used to ensure occupant safety—an extreme
challenge in the hot and humid Gulf South. By empowering user choice over temperature and
ventilation at a granular scale, NOBIC achieves a measured energy use 1/3 that of a typical
lab.
• Accommodating a wide range of potential lab users while promoting informal interactions
that drive creativity.

 Project Owner: New Orleans BioInnovation Center
 Location: 1441 Canal StreetNew Orleans Louisiana 70112_United States
 Submitting Architect: Eskew+Dumez+Ripple
 Joint Venture or Associate Architect: NBBJ
 Project Completion Date: August, 2011
 Project Category: New Construction
 Project Site Context/Setting: UrbanBrownfield Site
 Project Type: Laboratory_Office – 10,001 to 100,000sf
 Building or Project Gross Floor Area: 63,989 square feet
 Other Building Description: New
 BOMA Floor area method used?: Yes
 Hours of Operation: Business Hours: M-F 8:00am-5:00pm; Facility open for tenants
24h/day
 Total project cost at time of completion, land excluded: $38,000,000.00
Building a laboratory building in post-Katrina New Orleans raises three challenges: how to
create a low-energy lab in a hot humid climate, handle water wisely in ways that connect
people to their environment, and provide a modern, sleek facility that allows entrepreneurship
to flourish in a resilient new economy.
The client challenged the team to deliver a facility that was not just functional, but as
beautiful and distinctive as the city around it. The site—a former brownfield wedged between
the city‘s most prominent boulevard and a low-income housing project—reinterprets the
architectural traditions of the nearby French Quarter.
The flow of water through the site is handled as a design opportunity rather than a plumbing
problem. A ‗working water feature‘ captures rainwater and diffuses it to plants and soils on
site, evoking the flow of water in the regional ecosystem. The water feature is also fed by the
AC condensate (up to 20,000 gallons per week!), which provides all landscape irrigation on
site.
The incubator program provides a place for local ideas to turn into local jobs. By
complementing private labs with shared equipment and amenities, NOBIC gets the most
function and inspiration out of the least material.

Taking its inspiration from the social interaction typically found in the shared space
of French Quarter courtyards, NOBIC maintains a strong street presence while
allowing glimpses of a central courtyard beyond. - Photo Credit: Timothy Horsley

03.2.3_LAND USE AND SITE ECOLOGY
Close to the mouth of the nation‘s largest river, but with alluvial soils that begin to sink as
soon as they are drained, subject to intense rain, flooding, and hurricanes; New Orleans has
been described as ―a bad site but an excellent situation.‖ The same is true of the project site—
a brownfield with excellent urban density, adjacencies, and access to public transportation,
but with contaminated, poorly draining soils prone to movement and subsidence.
After brownfield cleanup was complete, the NOBIC project team selected a lightweight
structure and cladding on piles, and a landscape/soil/water system that uses slowly percolated
rainfall to recharge the soils, minimizing subsidence. Onsite parking (the minimum required)
was provided with the first pervious concrete installation in the state, built on top of 18‖ of
crushed stone, which provides storm water storage, bio filtration, and recharge for the entire
site. This is fed by rainwater from the roof, cushioned in the courtyard water feature, filtered
by marsh plants. This is the regional water/plant/soil ecosystem in microcosm, connecting
people back to place.
Close to the mouth of the nation’s largest river, but with alluvial soils that begin to sink as soon
as they are drained, subject to intense rain, flooding, and hurricanes; New Orleans has been
described as “a bad site but an excellent situation.”

The New Orleans climate alternately delights and exasperates: mild winters, hot humid
summers with little wind, abundant sunshine punctuated by periods of intense rainfall and the
occasional hurricane. Less than 1% of the hours in a typical year fall in the range of
temperature and humidity required by the NIH for biotechnology labs, and 68% of the hours
are either too hot or too humid. The provision of high air-change rates and once-through
ventilation air with tight temperature and humidity control dominates lab building energy use,
dwarfing skin loads.
The building form is configured to provide a protected courtyard following French Quarter
precedents. The glazing choices allow a strong connection to the city and the landscaped
courtyard while limiting solar gain. While the building as a whole has a window/wall ratio of
35%, glass is deployed to maximum effect on the primary street façade and lobby atrium with
their social areas on each floor. Playfully deployed louvers allow the southwest-facing Canal
Street façade to be 63% glass yet have the summer solar gain of a façade with only 20% glass,
while the other zone of extensive glazing (the atrium) connects social spaces to the courtyard
via a northeast exposure.

The standard lab unit provides both daylight and views, while also providing lower-light entry
zone for locating light-sensitive equipment such as microscopes. All meeting and common
areas have extensive views to the outdoors, as are the dedicated offices facing the primary
boulevard.
The safety standards of some lab tenants require that air be flushed through labs at rates up to
10 air changes per hour, and lofted far away from the building. They also require controlled
temperature and humidity levels for reproducible experiments, making operable windows for
labs generally inappropriate. By using the conditioned return air from offices as a dilutant for
lab air supply, conditioned comfort can be provided to office areas at negligible energy cost.
Adjacent sheltered balconies provide for connection to climate.
Each cellular lab is provided with independent control of airflow and temperature, allowing
each researcher to choose the ventilation level appropriate to their kind of research, and
schedule ventilation setbacks when labs are unoccupied. In addition, a ‗panic‘ button is
provided which takes room flush-out and fume hood exhaust rates to maximum. Careful
design and modeling of the air distribution system allows lower air change rates to be
employed without compromising safety.
03.2.6_PLANS

This project uses less energy per square foot than 89% of the buildings in the Labs21
benchmarking database of over 400 lab/office buildings nationally, 67% below the median
EUI (343kBtu/sf/yr). The actual utility bills for the initial 12 month period (117kBtu/sf/yr)
closely track that projected by computer simulation (119 kBtu/sf/yr). This savings of
224kBtu/sf/yr is like making a net-zero building of almost any other building type.
This level of verified performance has been achieved through a combination of an efficient
building skin employing strategically deployed glazing with solar controls, highly targeted
controls of airflow, temperature, and lighting for virtually every space, and an efficient central
plant. It is reinforced at the operations level by fine-grained energy and comfort monitoring.
Each ~1000sf lab + support area unit is individually metered, enabling the building owner to
track and compare lighting and plug load consumption, identifying best-practice high
performers. 73% of site energy use is electricity, with purchase agreements in place for
carbon-neutral sources, and the roof has been made solar-ready with attachment footings and
conduit in place for future PV.
The first strategy in reducing materials impacts of any project is to construct only as much
building as you need. At the start of project programming, the design team developed
strategies for shared use between tenants to increase collaboration while decreasing building
area. This produced spaces that function for multiple program needs as well as multiple users,
resulting in a smaller building and reduced material use.
A lightweight steel structural system was selected to minimize foundation requirements in a
region with two miles of mud before bedrock. The exterior cladding system balanced the goal
of minimum material while providing durability and storm hardening along with low
maintenance. The design team persuaded a regional fabricator to manufacture a hybrid system
of a thin (2‖) precast green concrete wall panel stabilized by a light-gauge steel interior frame.
The project convinced local concrete suppliers to be the first to employ high recycled content
mixes, and had local crews trained for the first installation of pervious concrete in the state.
79% of onsite construction waste was diverted from landfill, in part thanks to innovative
relationships with waste handling firms, including one that began new diversion programs as
part of the project.

After construction documents had nominally been completed, the Owner and design-
construction team entered into a 90-day exercise exploring opportunities for further
enhancements in environmental impact and performance. A brainstorming exercise developed
a list of 21 opportunities for investigation. Computer modeling helped sort the opportunities
into four categories: high-cost items with good payback or schedule impact, low-cost items
with big impact even if payback was negligible, high-cost items with poor payback or low
impact. The project proceeded with items in the first two categories. Treated as a group, this
package of upgrades had a price tag equivalent to less than 2% of the project cost, but simple
payback of less than 3 years.
The project was delivered in a Construction Management framework, with Owner, Architect,
Engineers, General Contractor, and key Subcontractors all at the table throughout the design
process. This approach allowed for realistic feedback on constructability and cost throughout
the design process. While it is widely appreciated that decisions made in pre-design and early
design phase have the greatest impact on environmental performance at least cost, the
experience from this project shows that every stage matters, and every stage is an opportunity
for improved performance.
During pre-design, key performance goals centered on flexibility, ease of adaptation to new
tenants with new technical requirements, durability, energy and water costs, and providing an
excellent indoor environment (daylight, views, air quality).
Like many projects with multiple funding sources and clients, this project went through a
number of starts, stops, and re-starts. These pauses actually worked in favor of the project‘s
environmental performance, allowing for reflection and re-consideration. The biggest round
of reconsiderations occurred after the project, having reached ―100% Construction
Documents‖ phase, went on hold for over a year as construction financing was assembled. As
it came off hold, revised cost estimates indicated that the project was under budget, and the
team was given 60 days to develop strategies that would further improve environmental
performance while accommodating changes to anticipated tenant requirements, code updates,
and a new Owner commitment to pursue LEED certification. A total of 21 measures were
identified and evaluated. During this process a number of measures emerged that had little or
no impact on the ―percent below ASHRAE‖ projected energy use rewarded by LEED that
could have big impacts on actual energy use. Key among these was advanced sub-metering
and occupant controls for temperature and airflow in each lab unit. It was necessary to
develop two parallel energy models—the model following the format expected for LEED
certification, and the one that reflected how we thought the building would actually be
occupied and used. This second model has been carried forward as the building was occupied
and further build-outs proceeded.
Since construction was phased, with the top floor being empty shell space at initial building
opening and then finished over the subsequent months, all members of the team were

frequently on site during the first year. This allowed for an unusually high degree of
interaction during this crucial ―shake-down‖ period when bugs are worked out and building
operations staff masters the finer points of complex building systems. At their own expense,
the Architect, Engineer, and Commissioning team members continued to track performance
and tune the building, using it as a learning opportunity.

0.3.3_ CANMET MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY
Certified LEED Platinum in 2013, Natural Resources Canada's CANMET Materials
Technology Laboratory is located in McMaster Innovation Park (MIP), a new 37 acre campus
development.
Concrete cement loads were offset with slag and concrete block contains up to 30% recycled
expanded glass beads.
Natural Resources Canada relocated its CANMET Materials Technology Laboratory (MTL)
from Ottawa to Hamilton to be closer to the steel and manufacturing sectors it serves through
metallurgical research and testing. It saw the opportunity to take a giant leap forward and
become a showpiece of sustainable design. The facility was certified LEED Platinum in 2013,
the third research lab to achieve this rating in Canada and the only one of its type.
This 174,300-sq-ft lab and support office space incorporates a complex industrial program of
pilot scale casting, rolling, welding, corrosion, and mechanical testing alongside
microstructure evaluations and radiation testing. With over 800 customized pieces of
equipment in addition to generic lab equipment; CANMET is a complex and energy use
intensive building.
Located at McMaster Innovation Park (MIP), a new 37 acre campus development that hosts a
growing government, institutional, and research community, CANMET is the first new
building and anchor tenant. The development of the building site leads the way for the
emerging campus by setting a framework for transforming the campus from an underutilized
brownfield site to new, sustainable, and vital community.
Project Owner:
McMaster Innovation Park
Location:
183 Longwood Road South
Hamilton Ontario L8P 0A5
Canada
Submitting Architect:
Diamond Schmitt Architects

 Project Completion Date: January, 2011
 Project Category: New Construction
 Project Site Context/Setting: Urban Brownfield Site
 Project Type: Laboratory
 Building or Project Gross Floor Area: 177,280 square feet
 Other Building Description: New
 BOMA Floor area method used?: No
 Hours of Operation: Personnel: 8am to 5pm; Lab Equipment: 24/7
 Total project cost at time of completion, land excluded: $69,000,000.00.
The pursuit of LEED Platinum triggered a comprehensive Integrated Design Process (IDP),
which was pivotal to the resulting design. A Building Charter targeted significant energy use
reduction to exceed the 2030 Challenge and achieve a 70% energy-use reduction, a goal that
is particularly challenging for an industrial lab building.
The team was guided by a commitment to create a leading edge metallurgical lab building and
an elegant design resolution that embraces and integrates ambitious sustainable design
measures.
The energy reduction targets for this highly energy consumptive building type influenced
many aspects of the design. Architecture and structure were developed to contribute to energy
efficiency and waste reduction. The building structure required to support heavy equipment
loads also contributed thermal mass, thereby enhancing the performance of in-slab radiant
heating and cooling. Exposed concrete ceilings throughout are required to optimize the
efficacy of the radiant system. Ambitions for great air quality also led to displacement
ventilation throughout by providing optimal air in the breathing zone while simultaneously
reducing energy use compared with alternate systems. Maximizing renewables identified site-
specific opportunities for solar collection and geo-exchange heating/cooling. The solar air
system is tilted to 52 degrees to optimize energy performance contributing to CANMET‘s
architectural expression while simultaneously forming the south side of the penthouse. These
and other initiatives result in a robust laboratory building where functionality and design
aesthetic are inextricably linked.
Architectural ambitions for spatial and programmatic coherence, maximized daylight, view,
flexibility, and public spaces fostering community shape the design.

03.3.3_LAND USE AND DESIGN ECOLOGY
This MIP campus transforms a 37-acre industrial brownfield site into a productive vibrant
new neighborhood in an environmentally sustainable manner. A high level of environmental
stewardship and responsibility is guided by a LEED Silver Campus Master Plan and the
Provincial Contaminated Sites Program. CANMET is the first new building located on a
newly created block and leads the way in developing the range of initiatives and frameworks
for sustainable site development at the MIP campus. These frameworks include brownfield
remediation and dust control protocols, indigenous planting, storm water management,
retention ponds, rainwater reuse, and heat island mitigation, features that frequently exceed
City of Hamilton Site Plan guidelines.
The remediated land creates a diverse productive site both above and below grade. The
CANMET Laboratory is actively engaged in supporting the steel industry in Canada with
unique facilities for testing and innovation. A new campus plaza is located directly north of
CANMET and has been designed to serve multiple functions. Under the plaza there is an 80
well geo-exchange field that provides low grade heat in winter and cooling in summer for
CANMET and the emerging campus buildings.
CANMET‘s landscape is designed to introduce 50 percent native species. The site
development plan has a positive impact in reducing peak flows and runoff volumes in
addition to improving water quality to a tributary of the Cherokee Creek.
Local climate was researched at the outset. Airport weather data and a micro-climate station
mounted on a neighboring building inform this project.
Orientation, massing, and program distribution were evaluated by the IDP team. The
architects developed simple massing models to test various solutions. Orientation of the long
axis on the south and north side offered more readily harvested daylight and thermal control
through orientation specific solar shading and glazing selections. The high bay labs generate
heat and were therefore relocated to the north side of the building. With a large south facing
roof surface to exploit, the building was primed to take full advantage of renewable solar
energy sourcing.
Fundamental to passive strategies for energy reduction is the reduction of waste. A high-
performance thermal skin and triple glazing appropriate for a building with a 100% fresh air
system resulted in R20 walls, and R32 roof with a 24% window to wall ratio.
Orientation specific solar shading to provide high quality daylight (non-glare) and low
thermal gains in summer were evaluated and developed using daylight models. For the west
elevation we evaluated a variety of shading strategies before we selected a perforated stainless
steel screen that reduced both peak and operational cooling loads by 50% along the west
façade.
Daylight and occupancy sensors automatically phase lighting and blinds to reduce electrical
energy use.

MASSING MODEL
SHADING OPTION STUDIES AND ENERGY SAVINGS
WEST FACADE WITH SOLAR SHADING

03.3.6_PLANS

Passive strategies described in Step 5 provide the groundwork for system selections.
Renewable energy opportunities were tested and identified. The vast roof allowed for
extensive renewable source installations which include the solar wall described in Step 6 and
a large solar thermal panel installation. 209 solar thermal collectors harvest heat energy year
round. Thermal energy collected in solar tanks is used for building radiant heating and
domestic water heating. Collectively, the tanks have 40,000 gallons of hot water storage
capacity, which equates to three days of heating for the building. Any excess thermal or
process energy is discharged to the 152 m deep, 80 well, geo-exchange field. The field
provides low-grade heat in winter and cooling in summer for CANMET and is being
extended to serve the emerging campus buildings.
Just under one-third of the construction material for CANMET is made from recycled
materials and 44% of the construction material was harvested and manufactured within
800km of the site. Both these values greatly exceed LEED‘s thresholds for exemplary
performance. Fully 84% of construction waste was diverted from landfills. The
uncontaminated soil excavated from the site was reused as fill elsewhere on the MIP campus.
Materials and finishes are all designated as low emitting and meet LEED targets. Bamboo, a
rapidly renewable material, and local reclaimed elm were used for millwork and wood
flooring. Concrete cement loads were offset with slag and concrete block contains up to 30%
recycled expanded glass beads. Material use reduction, a best practice not rewarded by most
green building rating systems, was implemented throughout CANMET; in many rooms
exposed concrete unit walls and exposed poured concrete ceilings reduce the need for
material finishes.
Materials are also used to tell part of CANMET‘s story. The lab‘s focus on steel and its alloys
is a springboard to showcase metal craft and design. Accent tiles in the lobby are made from
recycled pop cans, while others are printed with nano-scale images from NRCan‘s electron
microscopes.

48% Savings in energy cost better than the MNECB.
CANMET Material Technology Laboratory was purposefully built for NRCAN by McMaster
Innovation Park (MIP). Canmet has a 20 year lease with MIP and thereby allows costs to be
amortized over 20 years. This helped provide a framework and business case for the systems
and the renewables. Different system combinations were assessed to evaluate the most
effective choice. A number of initiatives, including earth tubes and a living wall to remove
odors were deleted due to cost. The IDP process and ambitions for a fully integrated design
solution, where systems are right sized to acknowledge the architectural and structural
contribution, also reduce cost. Viewed from a comparative cost perspective, this project is as,
if not more, cost effective as compared with other lab buildings constructed at the same time.
The decision to design a low grade energy system to drive a more efficient building led MIP
to install a campus geo-exchange system for heating and cooling in the park to the north of
the building.
PreDesign:
An intensive IDP Process with bi-weekly full day meetings throughout the predesign and
design phase created transparency, communication, and a knowledge base setting the ground
work for decision making. A facilitator initiated a Charter Agreement by setting out
objectives together with the IDP client, user, and consultant team. This Charter was further
refined at subsequent IDP meetings until everyone was satisfied and signed on several months
later. The charter would become a touch stone later when value engineering options were
vetted in order to meet the project cost envelope.
Predesign also included site research. A weather station was mounted to an adjoining roof to
collect weather data. The consultant team researched site opportunities, planning, and code
requirements. The architectural team developed a program with CANMET several months in
advance and blocked out the massing in a number of configurations to inform the IDP
meetings.
Design:
The design vehicle was the IDP meetings. Consultants prepared for a new level of evaluation
at each meeting circling inward from massing, orientation to the passive building design
(skin, glazing, shading, daylighting, glazing ratios etc.), to the more active energy systems
including the renewable energy options and building automation. Comparative analysis of
systems became a focus at several meetings to vet the pros and cons of each system.
Throughout the process, the architectural team strove to create a positive environment that
fosters the rich and diverse building community by providing bright areas to gather.

Operations/maintenance:
MIP continues to maintain and operate CANMET. Their efforts to maximize the performance
also inform other ongoing development on the MIP campus.
Commissioning:
Extensive commissioning was required to balance all the systems and resolve some of the
initial issues with the solar thermal collections systems.
Measurement & verification/post-occupancy evaluation:
RWDI (formally COBALT), the sustainable design consultant, was retained by MIP to meet
with their operations team for two years after substantial completion. Metered data formed the
basis to fine tune the building‘s energy and water systems.
NEED OF GREEN CONCRETE
 The main ingredient in the green concrete is cement and it consists of limestone.
 During manufacturing of cement its ingredients are heated to about 800c to 10000c.
 During this process carbon dioxide is released.
 Approximate 1kg of concrete releases about 900gms of CO₂ into the atmosphere.
 Therefore green concrete came into the existence to reduce the emission of CO₂.
SUITABILITY OF GREEN CONCRETE IN
STRUCTURES
 Several factors which enhances the suitability of green concrete in structures
includes:
 Reduce the dead load of the structure and reduce the crane age load; allow handling,
lifting flexibility with lighter weight.
 Reduction of emission of CO₂ by 30%.
 Increased concrete industries use of waste products by 20%.
 Good thermal and fire resistance, sound insulation than the traditional concrete.
 Improve damping resistance of the building.
 No environmental pollution and sustainable development.
 It requires less maintenance and repairs.
 Compressive strength behavior of the concrete with water cement ratio is more than
that of conventional concrete.
 Flexural strength of the green concrete is almost same as conventional concrete.

04_COMPERATIVE ANALYSIS (THE REVIEWS GIVEN TO THE PROJECTS
BY THE JURY MEMBERS)
03.1_TASSAFARONGA VILLAGE
This is a former industrial site that has been repurposed as an affordable housing
development. There is the innovative adaptive reuse of a former pasta factory and an shared
public play space. We admired the diversity of house type and scale. This project proves that
the highest levels of environmental performance can be achieved at very low budgets and still
have a design agenda. This shows that high performance has entered the mainstream. The
project provides a prototype for new housing in this community. This doesn‘t look like a
―public‖ housing project. We appreciate the quality and diversity of architecture and
landscape strategies. We like the simple energy efficiency coupled with the photovoltaic
systems on the roof. It appears to be a true collaboration with a landscape architect.
intentional strategy of reducing visible parking in order to prioritize a safe, semi-private
03.2_NEW ORLEANS BIO INNOVATION
CENTER, NEW ORLEANS
We like the floor plan and purpose of the building and admire the shading system. The
building is simple, elegant, and beautiful. The shading system is the most striking part of the
building. It also demonstrates loose fit: the entire plan was modular and the building has a
variety of clients floating in and out, so the plan is loose fit in action. They have demonstrated
very high levels of energy performance, especially given a very challenging climate. This is
difficult to accomplish in New Orleans. The façade treatment had thoughtful and well-
proportioned shading on the SW elevation.
0.3.3_ CANMET MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY
We like how the different elevations address the climatic response. It is a thoughtful building,
and not the typical sort that attains high performance. The interiors were very carefully
resolved, with a clean, elegant, and obviously functional approach. This is probably a very
economical building. There was thought put into solar control, the solar thermal space and
photo-voltaic systems. The displacement ventilation system in the office and laboratory
spaces saves energy and provides comfort.

05_CONCLUSION
The green concrete is ecofriendly construction technic also used as sustainable material
because the components from which the green concrete is made is already used such as:
Fly ash as cement; Waste concrete, Recycled concrete as aggregate; Marble waste as
filler material etc. As we are reusing the material and considering the material which we
are gating is at low cost but actually the charges/rates are not only about the material it‘s
also about transportation and obviously the treatment before its use in green concrete. If
we are using the green concrete in India which is not yet used then we have to considered
the above points which is transportation ,ex_ the filling material as marble chips which is
easily available at marble kilns and the factories where the marble get finished and get
cut. From that place to the site of green concrete plant the transportation charges must
affect the total estimation cost.
The main element which increase the cost of green concrete which is stainless steel
which increase the cost comparatively. But still the green concrete is used as sustainable
material because it only reuse the material and save the natural resources as
comparatively regular concrete as aggregate and river sand etc.
In one line the conclusion is from my vision is ―the regular concrete is like saving the
money first but rib the natural resources slowly, so I suggest green concrete….
real saving‖ Ask for green concrete.

green concrete

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