P1 - Leaners explore UK TV broadcasting through a focused case study on a UK TV broadcasting including A) - Operating Model B) - Product Types C) - Modes of Delivery D) - Programme Content E) - Production Process F) - Audience Profile G) - Distribution H) - Regulating Bodies

1. UNIT 42 - UKTV
BROADCASTING - P1

2. ■ In the UK television broadcasting, was introduced as an extension of radio
broadcasting. Its further development into what it is today was down to the
BBC.
■ The BBC was originally set up as the British Broadcasting Company in
1922 by a group of manufacturers. It was an early attempt by wireless
equipment and hardware manufacturers to create the software for the
distribution system.
■ The BBC is part of the private sector and was the world’s first ‘national
broadcaster’ but during the General Strike of 1926, On 1st January 1927,
the British Broadcasting Corporation was founded with a Royal Charter
and granted a licence to broadcast. The new corporation had a measure
of independence from the state.
http://www.mediastudentsbook.com/content/case-study-outline-history-tv-uk

3. THE EARLY YEARS 1936–55
In the early years T.V was only for the metropolitan
middle class. For short time during1939-1946 all
broadcasting was disrupted because of the war. Back
then the BBC only had one channel and could only be
received by 81 percentage of the population. Viewers
were required to have a radio and T.V license. In 1955
only four and a half million people had a T.V License.
A UNIVERSAL PUBLIC SERVICE 1955–82
Introduction of the ‘commercial’ or ‘independent’
television. However, the BBC introduced a new channel
with a higher resolution in 1964. In 1967 the ‘switchover’
to colour transmissions began and the final ‘switchover
was made in 1985. T.V broadcasting companies such as
BBBC and ITV were closely controlled but the IBA
THE BEGINNINGS OF PLURALISM 1982–90
In 1982, Channel Four was established. This meant that
it was not under the BBC and therefore could raise a
diverse audience. Channel four was the first public
organisation. T was funded by various advertising
revenue. Although, they did not produce their own
programmes they because a ‘ broadcaster publisher and
created this new form of television where a wider spread
a viewpoints were represented.
THE MULTI-CHANNEL ENVIRONMENT, 1990
ONWARD
In 1990 and 1996, the Broadcasting Act legislated ‘
independent television’ where digital broadcasting
would provide more variety in channels along side
computer services. This meant that after 35 years, BBC,
Channel Four and ITV would share their audience with
other broadcasters.
http://www.mediastudentsbook.com/content/case-study-outline-history-tv-
uk

4. P1- A- Operating Model- Executive Structure
Directors from across the BBC
contribute to the leadership of the
organisation as part of the Executive
Team. The Executive Board is in charge
of the BBC. The board responsibility is
deliver the BBC’s services in
accordance with the strategy agreed
with the BBC Trust, and for all aspects
of operational management.
BBC Trust appoints the Director-General
is chairman of the Executive Board, as
well as chief executive and editor-in-
chief of the BBC; The Board is a mixture
of executive directors from within the
BBC and non-executive directors, who
bring external expertise and insight to
the operation of the Board. The
Executive Board meets monthly, and
they share the outcomes of these
meetings online.
Changes to the
Executive Board
On Friday 5 February it
was announced that Sir
Nicholas Serota would be
joining the Executive
Board as a Non-Executive
Director. Sir Nicholas will
take up his role on 1
August 2016.
Charlotte Moore is
currently attending the
Executive Board in her
capacity as Acting Director,
Television.

6. This is the Executive Team;
In addition to the directors who
make up the Board, other
directors are engaged in the
Executive Team, which looks at
pan-BBC issues and ensures that
all divisions are involved in
delivering the BBC’s objectives.

7. Website
http://www.bbc.co.uk/aboutthebbc/insidethebbc/managementstructure/bbcstructure/vision.html

8. Website
http://www.bbc.co.uk/aboutthebbc/insidethebbc/managementstructure/bbcstructure/vision.html

9. Partnership through Make It Digital
• ‘Micro Bit’ coding device to all year 7 children across the UK for free to inspire a future generation - 1
million devices in total.
• Programmes and online activity involving the BBC’s biggest and best-loved brands, including Doctor
Who, EastEnders, Radio 1, The One Show, Children in Need, BBC Weather and many more.
• The Make it Digital Traineeship to up to 5,000 young unemployed people.
• Partnerships with around 50 major organisations across the UK, including Apps for Good, ARM,
Barclays, British Computing Society, BT, Code Club, DWP, Google, iDEA, Microsoft, Nesta, Samsung,
Skills Funding Agency, Tech City UK, the Tech Partnership, TeenTech, Young Rewired State.
• In Get Creative we'll be working closely with a huge number of external organisations including Culture at
King’s, Voluntary Arts, 64 Million Artists, Fun Palaces, Cultural Learning Alliance, and Arts Council
England, as well as Culture 24, The Royal Shakespeare Company, the BFI, The Roundhouse, Sadler’s
Wells, The Young Vic, National Theatre Wales, Arts Council Wales and many more. It’s the first time
amateur and professional arts organisations have come together on a national project of this scale.
Information
http://www.bbc.co.uk/aboutthebbc/insidethebbc/howwework/partnerships

10. The BBC does not carry out any advertising or sponsorship on its public services.
They do this because they want to remain independent of commercial interests and
ensure they can be run purely to serve the general public interest.
If airtime was sold either wholly or partially, advertisers and other commercial
pressures would be able to have their say on when the programme is filmed and
schedule priorities. Which deceases the There revenue for broadcasters.
To guarantee a wide range of unrestricted programmes, each households pays for a
T.V license. This guarantees that a wide range of high-quality programmes can be
made available, unrestricted, to everyone. The licence fee also helps support
production skills, training, local
The BBC runs additional commercial services around the world. These are not
financed by the licence fee but are kept quite separate from the BBC's public
services.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/aboutthebbc/insidethebbc/howwework/policiesandguidelines/advertising.html

11. Information: http://www.bbc.co.uk/annualreport/2014/executive/finances/licence_fee.html
In 2014, the BBC made 3,726 million on license
fees and 1,340 from other commercial avenues
such as BBC Worldwide.
Total income: 5,066
Operating Cost for production of all content on
BBC was 4,722
This highlights how BBC total income comes
from licensing fees and worldwide sorts which
makes them different from other U.K
broadcasters such as ITV and Channel 4.

12. Media regulators
■ The Department for Culture, Media and
Sport (DCMS).Government is responsible
for broadcasting and creative industries in
the UK .
■ The UK communications industries, with
responsibilities across television, radio,
telecommunications and wireless
communications services is controlled by
Ofcom an independent regulator
competition authority
Website address http://www.bbc.co.uk/aboutthebbc/insidethebbc/managementstructure/bbcstructure

13. Royal Charter
The BBC is established under a Royal Charter. The charter
that is in place now has been going since 2007 and end this
year. This means that it will be reviewed and the Royal
Charter will decide if they will continue to support the BBC.
BBC Trust
The strategy and direction of the BBC is set through the
BBC Trust which is governed by the Royal Charter. The
BBC Trust has a clear duty to represent the interests of the
licence fee payers. The Trust sets purpose remits, issues
service licences and holds the Executive Board to account
for its performance in delivering BBC services. The Trust
works closely with national Audience Councils in order to
understand the needs and concerns of audiences.
Executive
The Executive Board is responsible for the operational
management of the BBC in controlled by The Executive
Board. Directors from across the BBC contribute to the
leadership of the organisation as part of the Executive
Team.
Website address http://www.bbc.co.uk/aboutthebbc/insidethebbc/managementstructure/bbcstructure

16. Arts: These programmes are usually shown on BBC Two. They
included many aspects of the Arts. At the moment the Arts programmes
being shown are: Hay Festival, Handmande Royal Appointment and
Neelam Gill on Vogue 100.
CBBC: The CBBC channels is focused at younger audience such as
young children and teenagers. The programmes being shown at the
moment on CBBC are Mathilda and Ramsey Bunch, Taking the Next
Step and Jamie Johnson.
Cbeebies: Cbeebies is aimed at toddlers and young children up to the
age of 7. The programme that are on Cbeebies at the moment are: Go
Jetters, Ruff, Tweet and Dave and Topsy and Tim
Comedy: BBC is known for its comedic programmes and have a wide
range of comedies coming out each year. They most famous comedic
programmes produced by BBC are: Mock the Week, Live at the Apollo
and Dad’s Army
Documentaries: Over the lifetime of the BBC, they have produced
hard hitting documentaries that represent not only British life but life
around the world. The documentaries that BBC are shown at the
moment are: Black Power, America Armed Resistance, Life on Death
Row and My Life.

17. Drama and Soaps: In its lifetime the BBC’s have been recognised for
its fantastic drama and it has one of the longest running soaps in U.K
T.V broadcasting history. The dramas being shown on BBC now are:
Wallander, The Musketeers and Junkheart. The main soaps being
shown are EastEnders and Doctors
Entertainment: The BBC have various Entertainment programmes
such as, Have I got News for You. The most popular Entertainment
shows on the BBC at the moment are: Top Gear and Stupid man,
Smart Phone.
Films: Over the last number of years the BBC has produced some
fantastic films. Films bout current affairs and even shown some old
classics like Maggie. They have a Film Review programme every
week hosted by Mark Kermode where he give an unique take on films
that have been released.
Food: Over the last ten years the food programmes have exploded
onto our screens. The BBC have lead the way with their variety of
food programmes. The most successful food programmes are: The
Great British Bake Off and Hairy Bikers.
History: This year in particular BBC have produced a number of
Historic programmes with the Queen’s 90th Birthday and the D- Day
anniversary. However, the BBC have been leading the way for Historic
programmes. They always go that extra step to get the truth across.

18. Lifestyle: BCC have a huge variety of lifestyle programmes and with the launch
of apps like Pinterest the British public are more interested in making their own
clothes and crafts. The lifestyle programmes that are on the BBC at the moment
are: The Great British Sewing Bee, the Big C and me and The Gardner's World.
Music: As a result of the BBC being born from a radio channel it is only right that
their involved in production music production and involvement in festivals has
growth throughout the years. It is the BBC would have access to famous festivals
such as Glastonbury. The BBC produce shows that incorporate classics with the
new up and coming stars. Some of the programmes that are on the BBC are:
Annie Mac’s Headliners and The Jazz Room
News: Over the years the BBC have been at the heart of any major event such
as 9/11 and the London Bombing. They hard hitting news [problems go further
into the story to give the British people what they deserve; the truth. The BBC
have produce a number of politics programmes that are aired weekly to discuss
any current affairs issues so that the British people are aware of what is going on
in the House of Parliament. The main news programmes shown on BBC now are:
Question Time, Daily Politics and News night.
Science- For many years the BBC have support the developments of science and
nature by producing up to date programmes that explore the science and nature
world. The main Science and Nature programmes on the BBC at the moment are:
Horizon, Click and Spring watch.

19. Sport: Sport is a huge part of British cultural so it is only naturally one of the
biggest broadcasters in the UK would be one of the front runners for their
coverage of sport events. The BBC have control over the coverage of
Wimbledon. Match of the Day is one of the longest running and most
successful sport programmes in UK history.

20. Miranda Hart
BBC One
Miranda Hart was born on the 14th of December1972 in
Torquay, Devon. She is an actress and producer staring
in many shows created and produced by the BBC , one
of which is the 2009 production of the show ‘Miranda.’
This was a comedy show were a socially awkward
Miranda gets herself into awkwardly funny situations.
She has also stared in the BBC’s production of ‘Call the
Midwife’ as ‘chummy’ a midwife in the series. This was
a drama series broadcast on BBC2 and arguably one of
Miranda's more serious roles.
Miranda on screen in Call the Midwife as
chummy

21. David Attenborough
BBCTwo David was born on May the 8th 1926, he studied
Naturel Science and Cambridge university graduating in
1947. Attenborough then went onto serve in the royal
navy before joining the BBC 1954. not done their David
went onto become senior manager at the BBC having
already served as controller of BBC two and director of
programing for BBC Television in the 1960s to 70sscince
Since then Attenborough has been apart of many
nature shows and documentaries broadcast across the
BBC practically BBC 1 and 2. He is best know for being a
presenter in theses show like ‘Attenborough's Bird
Paradise.’ and a series called ‘Naturel world’ which has
aired from 1985 to this current year.

22. JackWhitehall
BBCThree
Jack Peter Benedict Whitehall was born on the 7th of
July 1988. He is an English comedian, television
presenter as well as an actor, this showing he's a
versatile star.
On the 30th of November 2011 it was announced theat
Whitehall would write and star in the new BBC Three
comedy ‘Bad Education.’ It began on the 14th of
August, in which he plays Alfie, a teacher who is "the
worst teacher ever to grace the British education
system, he comes across in the series as a bigger kid
than the kids he teaches".
Some of the other work Whitehall is know for is his
guest star appearance on BBC Twos ‘Top Gear ’ In
February 2014, he was their because it was the 2nd time
he’d ever driven a car, this proved to be funny content
for the show as they had him driving around the race
track.

23. PeterYork
BBC Four
Peter York was born in 1944 and he's a broadcaster
best know for writing Harpers Queen’s ‘ The Official
Sloane Ranger Handbook’
He currently commentates the show timewatch on BBC
4 which is a history documentary first broadcast on 29
September 1982. York hasn't done any other work for
or with the BBC as of yet

24. Dani harmer
CBBC
Danielle Jane Harmer was born on the 8th of
February 1989. She is a British television actress,
presenter and singer. Harmer is best known for her
portrayal as Tracy Beaker in the CBBC production of
;’Tracy Beaker Returns’ and ‘Tracy beaker survival
files’ both aired in 2002 to 2012.
She then later confirmed via social media that she will
not appear in the spin off series ‘The Dumping
Ground.’
Apart from all of this Dani played Molly Venables in
the BBC sitcom ‘After You’ve Gone.’ in 2008 harmer
also started her own sitcom ‘ Dani’s House’ which
aired from 2008 to 2012. She then went on to branch
further into the music business and signed a £3m
record deal. She recorded her debut album
Superheroes in September 2009, and released the
single and theme from ‘Dani’s House’

25. Justin Fletcher
CBeebies
Justin Fletcher, was born on the 15th of June 1970 in
Berkshire, he is an English's childrens television personality.
Fletcher is most associated as a presenter and actor on the
BBC pre-school television channel CBeebies, were he speaks
and performs in various often self created roles. He was part
of the ‘Tikkabilla’ program which was a spin off of ‘Higgledy
House’ a comedy for children. This progressed into he most
famous role yet as Mr Tumble.
He has also voices some other characters on the BBC in
shows like the ‘Tweenies' ‘Finley The Fire Engine' and
‘Doodles’
He later become a presenter on the channel but left in 2007
to return in 2012 for the role of Andy Day while he was
working on the TV series ‘Andy’s Wildest Adventures’
Through his own production company, Fletcher developed
‘Something Special’ which he presents while signing. Its
aimed towards young disabled children and was the only
show on Cbeebies of its kind.

26. http://www.bbc.co.uk/corporate2/insidethebbc/whatwedo/aroundtheuk
The BBC have ensured that the whole of the UK
has access to their channels. They have
established channels in Scotland, Wales and
Northern Ireland which means that these
channels can cater to the region they are shown.
For example, in Northern Ireland they have their
own regional news channels and can have
different scheduling for different shows. I think
this is an unique idea because it means that
different regions can take ownership of their own
BBC channel as work with BBC London.

27. http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/bbctrust/assets/files/pdf/review_report_research/vfm/distribution.pdf
All BBC channels have the BBC red
Button attached to them. This allows
people to access a shortlist of channels
and get update while watching BBC. For
example, they can pick and choose which
match they want to watch at Wimbledon.
The BBC broadcast its channels to a
tower which then broadcasts the
programmes out to any T.V set that has
freeview, BT Vision and Youview. This
mean that no matter what T.V you have
you will have access to the BBC.

28. I believe that BBC’s modes of delivery are very accessible
for the UK public. In every household there is an easy
solution to access BBC which means that the BBC is the
largest and most population broadcaster in the UK. ITV
have followed in their footsteps by provide their own
IPLAYER and out letting their channels to SKY etc.
All the BBC channels are uplinked to a satellite. This allows
the programmes to be shown on SKY and Freesat.
Also, all channels can be uploaded to a cable head-end
delivery which means that people who have VIRGIN TV
have access to all BBC channels.
BBC IPlayer plays a huge part in people being able to
access the channels on their phones, tablets or computers.
This means that the channels can be accessed at anytime,
anywhere that has an internet connection.

29. EastEnders is filmed at BBC Elstree
Centre in Borehamwood, Hertfordshire.
Each day the production team film
between, adding up to approximately
13 minutes of screen time. This
compares to five or six minutes shot
per day on a normal TV drama.
Episodes are produced in "quartets" of
four episodes, each of which starts
filming on a Tuesday and takes nine
days to record. he episodes are usually
filmed about six to eight weeks in
advance of broadcast. During the
winter months, filming is done twelve
weeks in advance, due to less daylight
for outdoor filming.
Filming
• EastEnders is normally recorded using four
cameras.
Edit number
one
• When a quartet is completed, it is edited by the
director, videotape editor and script supervisor.
Edit Number
two
• The producer then reviews the edits and decides if
anything needs to be re-edited, which the director
will do
Technically
review
•A week later, sound is added to the episodes and
they are technically reviewed, and are ready for
transmission if they are deemed of acceptable quality.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EastEnders

30. On 15 September 2009, the BBC announced plans to broadcast the first ever live episode of EastEnders, to celebrate the show's
25th anniversary.
Rehearsals
• The EastEnders cast and crew had two weeks to rehearse the episode
• The script was issued on the afternoon of 5 February 2010
• The actor playing the killer would be informed of their actions at 7:30 pm on 19 February, 30 minutes
before the episode's transmission
Directing
• Direction of the episode differed from typical episodes of EastEnders, whereby actors briefly run through their lines,
block the scene to be filmed, then begin shooting with the director on the studio floor.
• Once technical rehearsals began and cameras were added in, Ashdown moved from the studio floor to an outside
broadcast truck. All cameras on set were cabled to the truck, allowing Ashdown to oversee the entire episode
remotely
Filming
• In case of any serious problems during transmission, a rehearsal for the episode was filmed, including each version
of the reveal scene.
• The live broadcast took 400 camera shots to film, and 36 camera operators.
Broadcasting
• "EastEnders Live" was watched by a cumulative audience of 19.9 million viewers. Its original screening averaged
16.41 million viewers, attaining a 57% audience share.

31. The BBC is required but the BBC Agreement to ensure that
audiences are able to access the UK Public Services that are
intended for them. The overall cost of maintaining the distributing
content is significant - some £210m, or 6% of the licence fee.
The distribution policy was reviewed and updated in 2012. The
reason for this was that there had been considerable change in the
technology world. Now the majority had smartphones so they could
access all the programmes if they had the correct app. This resulted
in the broadcasting and IP environments were blurring into one.
The Distribution framework covers the distribution of TV, Radio and
Online services (including BBC iPlayer and Red Button services) to
any device used to access them including TVs, radios, personal and
tablet computers, games platforms, set top boxes, and mobile
phones. To oversee all off this the BBC set up their own Executive
Board to manage that the principals of the BBC Trust are fulfilled.
This distribution is not just in the UK but to a number European
countries such as: In the Republic of Ireland, Belgium, the
Netherlands and Switzerland. In these countries digital and cable
operators carry a range of BBC channels these include BBC One,
BBC Two and BBC World News.
http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/bbctrust/assets/files/pdf/our_work/distribution_framework/2015/distribution_framework.pdf

32. BBC America
BBC Arabic TV
BBC Canada
BBC HD
BBC HD
Nordics
BBC Kids
BBC
Entertainment
BBC Lifestyle
BBC Knowledge
BBC UKTV
BBC Brit
BBC Earth
BBC First
UKTV
BBC Persian
BBC Japan

33. • Persons under eighteen are protected;
• Material likely to encourage or to incite the commission of
crime or to lead to disorder is excluded;
• That the proper degree of responsibility is exercised with
respect to the content of religious programmes;
• Generally accepted standards are applied so as to provide
adequate
• Protection for members of the public from the inclusion in
services of
• Offensive and harmful material; and
• There is no use of techniques which exploit the possibility of
conveying a message to viewers or listeners, or of
otherwise influencing their minds, without their being aware,
or fully aware, of what has occurred
The BBC regulation body is OFCOM. OFCOM oversee many aspects of the BBC Productions.
Blow is a list of OFCOM regulations given to the BBC.
http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/bbctrust/assets/files/pdf/about/mou_addition_feb2011.pdf

34. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-35696657
On 1st March 2016, the BBC News released an
article stating that the BBC Trust should be
replaced by OFCOM. Sir David Clementi, who led
the independent review, said there was a need
for "fundamental reform". His main concerns with
BBC Trust is "It conflates governance and
regulatory functions within the Trust. The BBC
should have a unitary Board charged with
responsibility for meeting the obligations placed
on it under the Royal Charter and Agreement,
and responsibility for the interests of Licence Fee
payers.” he believes that by having OFCOM in
charge it would "be important to get the details
right, and we now want to work with the
Government to ensure roles are clear, the
structure is effective and the BBC's
independence protected."
http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/binaries/broadcast/code-may16/Ofcom_Broadcast_Code_May_2016.pdf