3. 21st century skills: 4 C’s
● Communication
● Creativity
● Critical thinking
● Collaboration
● What are the characteristics of each one?
4. 21st century skills: 4 C’s
● Communication: share, listen, contextualize,
limitations, empathy,
● Creativity: many uses: work, learn,
distractions, know the world.
● Critical thinking: understand, empowers, facts
vs. opinions, logic, resources, imagination.
● Collaboration: synergy, cooperation, common
goals, help others.
5. ● Sharing thoughts, ideas and
questions; thinking together to
find solutions
● Trying new approaches to do
things, joining innovations and
invention;
● Looking at problems in new ways;
linking learning across subjects
and disciplines.
● Working together to reach a goal-
applying talent, expertise and
mind to work.
Any
similarities?
6. ● Sharing thoughts, ideas and
questions; thinking together to
find solutions
● Trying new approaches to do
things, joining innovations and
invention;
● Looking at problems in new ways;
linking learning across subjects
and disciplines.
● Working together to reach a goal-
applying talent, expertise and
mind to work.
Any
similarities?
7. Subject of the sentence:
Shopping is my favorite To err is human. To be
hobby. Staying alive. or not to be.
More informal More formal
Much more common Less common
Gerund: -ing
8. Gerund or Infinitive?
● I hate working on the
weekends.
● I want eating.
● I hate to work on the
weekends.
● I want to eat.
9. Gerund or Infinitive?
● I hate working on the
weekends.
● I want eating.
● I hate to work on the
weekends.
● I want to eat.
10. Gerund or Infinitive?
Gerund Infinitive
Admit
Advise
Appreciate
Avoid
Complete
Consider
Deny
Discuss
Dislike
Enjoy
Finish
Imagine
Keep
Mention
Mind
Miss
Practice
Quit
Recommend
Suggest
Understand
Quit
Afford
Agree
Appear
Ask
Care
Decide
Demand
Expect
Hope
Intend
Learn
Mean
Need
Offer
Plan
Prepare
Promise
Refuse
Seem
Volunteer
Wait
Want
11. Both
● begin, continue, hate, intend,
like, love, prefer, start
● forget, remember, stop (might
change the meaning)
1. Stop smoking - quit doing
something
vs
1. stop to smoke - doing
something and then took a
break
Tip
Gerunds
→ Subject
→ After prepositions,
emotion/state expressions
Infinitives
→ After adjectives*,It
clauses, pronouns, nouns*
*not always, it’s possible a verb or expression will define which form you will use (e.g.: “felt scared/joy doing…”)
12. be - have - make - rain (2x) - read - tidy - work - wake up
1. I enjoy ... in bed
2. I’m responsible for ... my room
3. I like ... breakfast in a café
4. I don’t expect for it ... today, the sky is so blue!
5. I want to go on ... until I’m 60
6. I hate ... late when I’m meeting someone
7. Please stop ... such noise. I can’t think
8. I love ... on a Sunday morning
9. It began ... at 5:30 in the morning
13. be - have - make - rain (2x) - read - tidy - work - wake up
1. I enjoy reading in bed
2. I’m responsible for tidying my room
3. I like to have/having breakfast in a café
4. I don’t expect for it to rain today, the sky is so blue!
5. I want to go on working until I’m 60
6. I hate to be/being late when I’m meeting someone
7. Please stop making such noise. I can’t think
8. I love waking up/to wake up on a Sunday morning
9. It began raining/to rain at 5:30 in the morning
14. Exercise Time!
1. I enjoy reading in bed (Agree)
2. I’m responsible for tidying my room (Disagree)
3. I like to have/having breakfast in a café (Disagree)
4. I don’t want to go on working until I’m 60 (Agree)
5. I hate to be/being late when I’m meeting someone (Agree)
6. I don’t love waking up/to wake up on a Sunday morning
(Agree)
7. I can ride the bike very well. (Agree)
8. I can’t speak German. (Agree)
15. Exercise Time!
1. I enjoy reading in bed (Agree)
So do I
1. I’m responsible for tidying my room (Disagree)
I’m not
1. I like to have/having breakfast in a café (Disagree)
I don’t
1. I don’t want to go on working until I’m 60 (Agree)
Neither do I
16. Exercise Time!
5. I hate to be/being late when I’m meeting someone (Agree)
So do I
6. I don’t love waking up/to wake up on a Sunday morning
(Agree) Neither do I
7. I can ride the bike very well. (Agree)
So can I
8. I can’t speak German. (Agree)
Neither can I
17. Because, Since, As
- Managers should be level-headed because they need to
keep calm and think rationally.
- Journalists need to be reliable, since people have to
trust what they write about.
- Teachers have to be patient, as they teach people who
maybe don’t understand something quickly.
18. Because, Since, As
● Indicating reason and result.
● My phone is broken because it fell from my pocket.
Result Reason
19. Because
● We use it to focus on the reason (same clause)
● For extra focus on the reason, put 'because' in the
beginning of the sentence
● Use a comma to separate the ‘because' clause if
it’s in the beginning, but NOT in the middle.
We’ll come over on Sunday because David’s got to work
on Saturday.
Because breathing is something we do automatically, we
rarely think about it.
20. Because of
● Same meaning as “Because”
● Because of + noun
I feel cold because of the rain.
I feel cold because it is raining.
21. Due to
● Much more formal than 'because'
● We use it to focus on the reason (same clause)
● Can be used in the middle or beginning of the
sentence (same meaning)
● Use a comma to separate the ‘due to' clause
(mandatory in the beginning)
The flight delay was due to the bad weather.
Due to uncontrollable circumstances, the event had
to be cancelled.
22. Since
● More formal than 'because'
● We use it to focus on the result (other clause)
● Can be used in the middle or beginning of the sentence
(same meaning)
● Use a comma to separate the 'since' clause (mandatory
in the beginning)
Journalists need to be reliable, since people have to
trust what they write about.
Since everything can be done from home with computers and
telephones, there’s no need to dress up for work any more.
23. As
● More formal than 'because'
● We use it to focus on the result (other clause)
● Can be used in the middle or beginning of the
sentence (same meaning)
● Use a comma to separate the ‘as' clause (mandatory
in the beginning)
Teachers have to be patient, as they teach people who
maybe don’t understand something quickly.
As everyone already knows each other, there’s no need
for introductions.
24. Exercises
● I am an English teacher. (Because)
● I know English.
I am an English teacher because I know English /
Because I know english, I’m an English teacher.
● I am sober.
● I will drive us home.
Since I’m sober, I will drive us home. / I will
drive us home since I’m sober.
https://www.englishgrammar.org/due-owing/
https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/linking-
words-reason-exercise-2.html
25. CONVERSATION TIME: ACTIVITIES DIRECTOR
REQUIREMENTS:
● Experience working with
tourists;
● A “people person”;
● Outgoing and creative
personality;
RESPONSIBILITIES
● Organizing all leisure
activities on a cruise
ship, including daily
tours, onboard activities,
special menus and nightly
entertainment.
Student A: You’re the interviewer. Ask
the candidates questions related to
their skills, experience and personality.
You’ll have 15 min to decide who’s the
best candidate for the job. Be ready to
explain your choice to the whole group.
Rest of the students: You’re candidates
for the job. Try to impress the
interviewer! Talk about your experience,
personality and skills. (You’ll have 15 min
to do it!)
