Contenu connexe Similaire à 2. origins of the house of refuge movement (20) Plus de Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice (13) 2. origins of the house of refuge movement1. Origins of the House of
Refuge Movement
Expanding state responsibility for the care and
treatment of children
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2. State Role in the Care of
Children in Colonial America
• ALMSHOUSES
• INDENTURED SERVITUDE
• APPRENTICED OUT
• ORPHANAGES
• JAILS
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3. 40 Boardman Place www.cjcj.org
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4. The Birth of New Forms of
Institutional Care
• PENITENTIARY SYSTEM
• HOUSES OF REFUGE
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5. 1787 Philadelphia
Society for Alleviating
the Misery of Public
Prisons found by Dr.
Benjamin Rush
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6. Walnut Street Jail in Philadelphia (1790)
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7. Changing Social Conditions in 19th Century
America
• MASS IMMIGRATION
• RURAL TO URBAN POPULATION TRENDS
• POVERTY AND HOMELESSNESS
• FEAR OF THE DANDEROUS CLASSES
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8. New York Street circa 1860s
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9. Living in Squalor
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13. New York Slum 1800s
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14. New York Street Children 1800s
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15. In 1817 the Society for the Prevention
of Pauperism was formed
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16. New York House of Refuge
established 1825
The Jacksonian Era Institution
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18. Philadelphia House of Refuge
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19. Commitment to the House of Refuge
• Children committed for vagrancy and petty crimes by city
officials
• Parents could commit their children for incorrigibility
• Commitments were indeterminate
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20. Support of the House of Refuge
• State subsidy
• Private donations
• City tax on taverns, theatres, and circuses
• Tax on transatlantic passengers
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21. New York House of Refuge after 1854
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22. Philadelphia House of Refuge (1854)
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23. New York House of Refuge:
a model for the world
Charles Dickens
Alexis De Tocqueville
NY State Senate Committee
The NY House of Refuge is now in the extent of its
operations, the greatest reform school in the world (1857)
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24. Western House of Refuge
Main Building and Yard
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25. Typical day in a House of Refuge (I)
• Awakened at sunrise by ringing bell
• Makes bed enters hallway
• Line up and march to wash room
• Inspection in the yard and then prayer room
• Morning school until 7:00 am
• Bell rings for breakfast
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26. Typical Day in the New York House of Refuge (II)
• Proceed to workshops
• Labor until dinner from12:00-1:00 pm
• Back to workshops until 5:00
• Supper from 5:00-5:30
• Back to school room from 5:30-8:00
• Evening prayer
• Conducted to dormitories for sleep
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27. Work in the House of Refuge
• Contract labor system (10-40% of Refuge operating
costs)
• Large congregate workshops
• Brass nails, cheap shoes, cane chairs
• Apprenticeships
• Binding out
• Indentured to ship captains
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28. Girls in the House of Refuge
• Confined until their 18th birthday
• Taught value of maintaining innocence and virtue
• Learned biblical passages
• Trained in domestic servitude and/or marriage
• Limited vocational training
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29. House of Refuge Classroom
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31. Playground
Western House of Refuge
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33. House of Refuge Carpentry Shop
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34. Blacksmith Shop
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35. Bricklaying and Masonry
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36. Training School
Youth were taught vocational
skills and spend a large portion
of their day working.
http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/kt7p30169k/?brand=calisphere
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38. Ex Parte Crouse (1838) and the assertion of
supreme state power
In 1838, the Pennsylvania Supreme
Court affirmed the doctrine of
Parens Patriae and the right of the
state to confine children in Houses
of Refuge without constitutional due
process protections.
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