Ndiyemeje guharanira isuku no gutunganya neza imicafu - CTB BURUNDI - Myandagaro 20151. NDIYEMEJE GUHARANIRA
ISUKU NO GUTUNGANYA
NEZA IMICAFU
MYANDAGARO 2015
PROGRAMME PAVAGE
C/O PARCELLE Setemu
Avenue Nyabisindu
Ngagara
BUJUMBURA
T: +257 79 179 150
REPUBLIQUE DU BURUNDI
MINISTÈRE DE L’INTERIEUR
2. PROGRAMME PAVAGE
C/O PARCELLE Setemu
Avenue Nyabisindu
Ngagara
BUJUMBURA
T: +257 79 179 150
PARTENARIAT
BELGIQUE-BURUNDI
Aka gatabo kateguwe n’umugambi wo gukora amabarabara
ashashwemwo amabuye ufadikanije n’ishirahamwe OPDE mu
ntumbero y’inyigisho zerekeye ubuzima busanzwe mu mugambi
w’iterambere ry’imibano n’ubutunzi mu ma komine ya Kamenge,
Kinama na Cibitoke biciye mu kwubaka amabarara ashashwem-
wo amabuye hakoreshsjwe abantu benshi.
Uwo mugambi ukorera muri ayo makomine guhera mu mwaka
w’2010 kandi muri kino kiringo, igitigiri kirenga 3100 vy’abako-
rabiga barakwirikiranye inyigisho zo kw’ishure-shantiye, izijanye
n’imyuga, izerekeye inyifato runtu hamwe n’ukwiyungunganya
mu buzima bwa misi yose.
Ico twomenyesha kandi n’uko inyigisho zerekeye isuku no gu-
tunganya neza imicafu zaronkejwe abakorabiga hamwe na 50
batowe ku mitumba no mu makaritiye canke ababaserukira bo
muri ayo makomine.
Bujumbura, Burundi, Myandagaro 2015
3. IBIRIMWO
Intangamarara ................................................................................4
1. Indwara zituruka kw’isuku rike ......................................................5
1.1 Indwara zica mu kanwa bivuye ku mazirantoke .........................5
1.2 Izindi ndwara (malariya, indwara zandukira) ...........................7
1.3 Indwara n’ivyaduka bifatiye kw’itituka ry’ibidukikije ................9
Imyuzurira ...............................................................9
Itituka ry’isi ndimwa ................................................10
Itituka ry’ibiyaga n’inzuzi ..........................................11
Itituka ry’ikirere ......................................................11
2. Isuku ryokorwa gute ? ................................................................12
2.1 Ingene indwara zandurwa n’uburyo bwo kuzirinda ...................12
Igicapo cerekana uburyo indwara zandukira ................12
Uburyo bwo kwikingira izo ndwara ............................13
2.2 Mbega isuku ryokorwa gute ? ...............................................14
Gukaraba neza n’amazi meza .....................................14
Isuku ry’amazi i muhira .............................................15
2.3 Kwubaka utuzu twa sugumwe tubereye .................................17
Akazu ka surwumwe kumisha ....................................18
Gutunganya neza imicafu ..........................................19
Ingaruka mbi zifatiye kukugira isuku rike ni nyishi .......21
Gusozera ......................................................................................22
4. 4
Intangamarara
Isuku ni iki ?
Iyo tuvuze isuku bisigura kwubaha ubuzima bwawe n’ubwabandi, ubw’umu-
ryango wawe n’ubwo ibidukikije.
Inyifato nziza mubijanye n’isuku zishingiye ku mingenzo iteza imbere ukubaho
neza kwacu; kwikingira indwara no gukingira ibidukikije.
Kugira isuku rero ni ugukingira amagara yawe nayo abakwegereye mukugirira
isuku umubiri, ibifungurwa n’amazi dukoresha. Vyongeye, ni ugutunganya neza
aho tubaye (gukura amazi yacafuye hamwe n’imicafu) kugira dukinge ikwiragi-
zwa ry’indwara n’itituka ry’ubutunzi kama.
Aka gatabo kadufasha gutahura ico ari co indwara ziva kw’isuku rike hamwe
n’inyifato ibereye twogira kugira twirinde izo ndwara.
Uko ibiharuro bivyerekana mu Burundi...
• Indwara yo gucibwamwo iri mu ndwara za mbere zica abana
bari musi y’imyaka itanu
• Malariya niyo ndwara ya mbere ituma haba kugwaragurika
mbere n’impfu mu miryango
• Ibitigiri vy’abagira isuku mu mitumba bigeze ku bice 14
kw’ijana mu bisagara naho bigeze ku bice 33 kw’ijana.
5. 5
1. .Indwara zituruka kw’isuku rike
1.1 Indwara ziva ku mazi mabi n’ izica mu kanwa bivuye ku
mazirantoke
Indwara ziva ku mazi mabi n’izandurwa ziciye mu kanwa bivuye
ku mazirantoke n‘ukuvuga iki ?
Indwara ziva ku mazi ziterwa n’ugukoresha canke kunywa amazi arimwo imi-
gera y’indwara. Kwandura biciye mu kanwa bivuye ku mazirantoke navyo bitu-
ruka ku gufungura ikintu cose cakoze ku mazirantoke kigafunguranwa imigera
canke imigera yavuye muri ya mazirantoke. Indwara zo gucibwamwo nka kore-
ra, amacinya, tifoyide, ubukangwe, canke igitigu c’ubwoko A na E biri muri bene
izo ndwara ziterwa n’amazi mabi arimwo imigera canke zandurwa ziciye mu
kanwa bivuye ku mazirantoke. Amazi y’ibidengeri aratera nayo nyene indwara
zitari nke ; twovuga nka malariya, inzoka zo mu nda canke mu rukoba
Amazi yanduye imigera ni ukuvuga iki ?
Turakenera amazi mu bikorwa vyacu vyinshi vya misi yose: amazi yo kunywa,
yo gukinjika, yo kwoga canke yo kumesura, n’ibindi. Ariko, birashika ko amazi
dukoresha aba « acafuye » bisigura ko ayo mazi ashobora kuba yanduye imi-
gera bivuye ku nyifato zitabereye z’abantu: nko kuyagomororeramwo imicafu
yo mu binogo vy’utuzu twa sugumwe, kudatunganya neza imicafu, kwituma aho
umuntu abonye hose. Ayo mazi rero aba arimwo imigera n’ibindi bitera indwara
nk’ubumara buva mu mahinguriro amwe amwe.
6. 6
Izo ndwara zandurwa gute ?
• Mu kunywa amazi yanduye imigera mibi
• Biciye ku minwe yanduye imigera mibi
• Mugufungura ibiribwa vyanduye imigera mibi
• Mu buryo butaboneka biciye ku bikoko bimwe bimwe
• Mukudatunganya neza utuzu twa sugumwe (kwituma aho ariho
hose, kudakoresha neza akazu ka sugumwe n’ibindi).
Imigera ni iki ?
Imigera ni utunyabuzima dutoduto tutaboneka n’amaso tukaba
tuba hose mbere no mu mibiri yacu. Imigera myinshi iri mu mibiri
nta ndwara itera, mbere imwe irafasha kugira imibiri yacu ikore
neza.
Ariko iyindi migera irashobora gutuma umuntu yandura indwara
zitari nke ahanini biciye mu kanwa (amazi yanduye, imfungurwa
zanduye, intoke zicafuye) canke biciye mu bikomere bitavuwe
canke vyavuwe nabi.
Twikingiye iyo migera,tuba twirinze izo ndwara.
7. 7
1.2 Izindi ndwara
Malariya
Malariya ni indwara yandurwa biciye mu migera iri mu maraso ikaba yandukira
cane. Mu 2012, abantu barenga ibihumbi amajana atandatu barishwe niyo
ndwara kandi ibice 85 gushika kuri 90 kw’ijana baba muri Afrika yo munsi ya
Sahara.
Ingene malariya yandukira
Malariya yandurwa biciye mu kuribwa n’umubu.
Umubu uriye umuntu arwaye, ukurayo amaraso
arimwo imigera itera malariya. Uwo mubu, iyo
uriye uwundi muntu akomeye, umusigamwo
iyo migera, uwo muntu agaca arwara inyuma
y’imisi mike.
Irwirirana ry’imubu
Mu kurwira, imibu ita amagi
ahantu hakanye, muri ayo
magi hagaheza hakavamwo
imibu. Ahantu hari amazi
adatemba, imicafu irunze,
ishamba, isuku rike, niho
kenshi hatuma imibu
irwirirana.
Abantu baba aho hantu
nibo cane cane barwara
malariya kuko imibu iba
iharwiriye.
8. 8
Kurwanya Malariya
Kurwanya Malariya bisaba kurwanya irwirirana ry’imibu cane cane mu gusukura
aho tubaye. Dutegerezwa kwirinda :
• Ibidengeri vy’amazi (amazi adatemba)
• Ibirundo vy’ imicafu bituma hashobora
kuba amazi adatemba
• Amashamba yegereye inzu.
Igihambaye muri vyose ni
ukuryama mu musegetera
urimwo umuti wica imibu.
Izindi ndwara ziturutse kw’ikoreshwa ry’amazi mabi :
Amazi arimwo imigera mibi aratuma iyo migera y’indwara yinjira mu mubiri
ndetse igakwega indwara zikomeye cane, nk’inzoka n’izindi.
9. 9
1.3 Indwara n’ivyaduka bifatiye kw’itituka ry’ibidukikije
Guta imicafu aho ariho hose ni bibi cane kandi biratuma haba ugukomereka no
kwandura izindi ndwara z’ivyuririzi.
Kurunda imicafu ahantu hatazwi bituma haba irwirirana ry’udukoko dushobora
gutera indwara zitari nke (isazi,imbeba,inyenzi, inda, inyondwe…).
Impanuka zivuye ku myuzurira y’amazi
Imifurege idasukuye canke irunzemwo imicafu, ituma haba imyuzurira y’amazi
iyo imvura iguye. Ayo mazi aca yironderera inzira agashwara amabarabara,
inzu n’izindi nyubakwa rusangi, akazibomora.
10. 10
Itituka ry’isi ndimwa
Imicafu imwe imwe imara igihe kirekire cane itarabora. Iyo micafu iba iriko
yonona isi mu kuyitwara akanovera.
Imicafu irarwirirana mw’isi ikanamarayo imyaka amajana n’amajana. Ahenshi
turasangayo imicafu itabora mu gihe twimvye canke turimye. Imwe muri iyo
micafu ifise ubumara bukaze cane bwanduza isi bugafata ibirimwa n’amazi mu
nyuma bukanduza amagara yacu mu gihe tubifunguye canke tunyoye amazi.
11. 11
Itituka ry’ibiyaga n’inzuzi
Kwanduza amazi bica mu buryo bubiri :
1. Kwanduza amazi kwibonekeza mu gusukura imicafu iyo ariyo yose
mu nzuzi, mu biyaga canke mu mifurege itwara amazi gushika mu
biyaga canke mu nzuzi.
2. Kwanduza amazi kudashoka kwibonekeza navyo bivuye :
oo Ku mazi yimiminuriye mw’isi no mu mazi yo mu kuzimu
nk’uko bisiguye kw’ishusho iri aho hejuru (guhebera imicafu
mw’ishamba canke kuzika iyo micafu mu kuzimu).
oo Amazi atemba: biva cane cane kw’iyanduza ritewe n’ibikorwa
vyegereye ikiyaga canke uruzi (kwituma mu mazi canke
iruhande yayo, kuyamesuriramwo, gutabiza ifumbire y’ikizungu
canke kuragira iruhande y’inzuzi n’ibiyaga, kwubaka ahegereye
cane inzuzi canke ibiyaga,…).
Itituka ry’ikirere
Guturira imicafu iva mu
ngo canke iyo ariyo yose
bituma impwemu duhumeka
zandura navyo bikadutera
indwara zitari nke nko
guhema nabi, hasima,
kurwara amahaha,…
12. 12
2. Isuku ryokorwa gute?
Muko twobitegera neza, twobanza gutahura ingene indwara zandukira n’ingene
twozikingira.
2.1. Ingene indwara zandurwa n’uburyo bwo kuzirinda
Igicapo cerekana uburyo indwara zandukira
Amazirantoke canke amase y’ibikoko bituma haba irwirirana ry’indwara na
cane cane izo gucibwamwo. Iyo myanda yanduje iminwe, hanyuma umuntu
agafungura adakaravye neza, aca yandura izo ndwara. Vyongeye, iyo myanda
ironona isi, ibiterwa tutibagiye amasoko y’amazi. Mu gihe umuntu akoresheje
canke afunguye ivyimburwa atabironze neza, arandura naho nyene izo ndwara.
Mu gihe akoresheje ayo mazi arimwo imigera mibi, haba mu kwoza ibikoresho
vyo mu nzu canke mu kuyanywa, araheza akandura izo ndwara atakibuza. Eka
n’igihe iyo myanda yandagaye aho ariho hose, insazi ziyivako zitwaye imigera
zikaruhukira ku bifungurwa canke ku bikoresho vyo munzu, ziraheza zigasigako
ya migera. Kubera ivyo, umuntu akoresheje ivyo bikoresho canke akihereza
ivyo bifungurwa araheza naho nyene akandura izo ndwara.
13. 13
Uburyo bwo kwirinda izo ndwara
Ni ukwama witwararika na ntaryo isuku ukongera ukariteza imbere aho ubaye
kuko isuku niryo soko ry’amagara meza.
Kwisunga amategeko y’isuku :
• Gukaraba n’amazi meza n’isabuni igihe cose uvuye mu kazu ka
sugumwe, ugira ufungure canke uteke, uhejeje gutegura umwana
ahejeje kwituma,…
• Gufundikira imfungurwa, kuzironga imbere yo kuzifungura mbisi
canke kuziteka, kuzikingira udukoko n’inyamaswa.
• Kwoza n’uguhanagura neza ibikoresho vyo mu gikoni ukoresheje
isabuni n’igitambara ciza.
• Gutegekanya ikibanza cagenewe umwanda mukuru arico bita
akazu kasugumwe kubatswe neza.
• Ivyo vyose umuntu abikurikije aba yinkingiye izo ndwara kandi
atibagiye isuku ry’aho abaye.
Kugira isuku ry’amazi :
• Kugira isoko ry’amazi meza akoreshwa mu ngo (nk’aya
REGIDESO, isoko rikingiwe, amazi ya rusengo, …).
• Gutwara no kubika amazi mu gikoresho ciza kandi gifundikiye.
• Kuvomesha amazi igikoresho cabigenewe.
• Iyo hari amakenga ko amazi yanduye imigera mibi, umuntu
ategerezwa kuyateka akabira kugira iyo migera ipfe. Ababishoboye
mbere barashobora gukoresha umuti w’ikizungu bita chlore canke
naho bakayanikira ku mishwarara bita UV (ultra violet) mu
gikoresho kibonerana.
14. 14
2.2. Isuku ryokorwa gute ?
Gukaraba neza n’amazi meza
Gukaraba neza iminwe bituma imigera mibi yanduza indwara igabanuka. Ariko
naho iyo ukaravye nabi, imigera irasigara igatera indwara.
Umuntu akaraba neza gute ?
Gukaraba neza bikorwa uku gukurikira :
• Gukaraba neza n’amazi
meza
• Gukaraba n’isabuni
• Gukaraba iminwe yose icarimwe.
Umuntu yokaraba ryari ?
Umuntu ategezwa gukaraba igihe cose :
• Agira ategure ibifungurwa
• Imisi yose imbere yo
gufungura
• Igihe cose avuye mu kazu
ka sugumwe
• Igihe cose ahejeje
guhindurira canke gutegura
umwana ahejeje kwituma !
15. 15
Ariko kandi ntitwokwibagira gukaraba neza :
• Inyuma yo gukora ku bifungurwa bibisi na cane cane inyama,
ibitungwa, ivyamwa canke amafi
• Inyuma yo kwimyira , gukorora canke kwasamura
• Inyuma yo kwegeranya umwavu
• Imbere n’inyuma yo kuvura imvune canke uruguma.
Isuku ry’amazi i muhira
Uburyo Amazi yandura :
• Kuvomera amazi mu kintu kidapfundikirwa
• Kubika amazi mu hira mu kintu kidapfundikiye
• Kudaha nabi amazi.
Ivyo kuzirikana...
Gukaraba neza n’isabuni bituma imigera mibi yanduza indwara
zitari nke zigabanuka cane cane izifatiye ku gucibwamwo n’izindi.
16. 16
Icokorwa :
• Kuvomera amazi mu kivomesho
gisukuye kandi gipfundikirwa neza
• Kuyabika mu gikoresho ciza,
gipfundikirwa kandi giteretse
ahataramutse
• Kudaha amazi n’igikoresho
cabigenewe kandi utayakozemwo.
Kwandura indwara birava ku :
• Kwumutsa nabi ivyombo
• Kumesura nabi canke kwanikira nabi impuzu (kutamesuza isabuni
no kwanikira impuzu hasi).
Icokorwa :
• Duhejeje kwoza ivyombo twovyumukiriza ahantu hataramutse
habigenewe (ku kagege, ku meza,…)
• Vyoba vyiza twanikiye ivyombo ku zuba kuko ryica imigera.
Ivyo kuzirikana...
Guteka amazi akabira bituma aba meza.
17. 17
2.3. Kwubaka utuzu twa sugumwe tujanye n’ahantu
Uturorero tw’utuzu twa sugumwe twokwubaka :
• Akazu ka sugumwe ka Kirundi gakinga kwanduzwa kw’amazi n’isi
naho katabuza isazi kwanduza ibidukikije
• Akazu ka sugumwe keza gategerezwa gusukurwa imisi yose kandi
hategerezwa kuba amazi n’isabuni vyo gukaraba iminwe
basohotse.
Utuzu twa sugumwe duhinguwe dukinga iyanduzwa ry’isi n’amazi
bivuye ku masazi. Dutegerezwa kuba tugizwe n’ikinogo, idare idu-
gishijwe n’ibikoresho biramba n’umuringoti usohora umwuka mu-
gabo uriko akayungiro kabuza udukoko kwinjira cane cane imibu
n’amasazi.
Ariko aka kazu ka surwumwe gasaba kwamana
amazi i muhira.
18. 18
Akazu ka surwumwe kumisha
Mwari mubizi ?
Akazu ka sugumwe gashobora kuba nk’ihinguriro ry’intabire zidasanzwe mu
gutabira ibiterwa, izo ntabire zikaboneka ku buntu. Amazirantoke n’amasobwe
y’abantu bimaze kubongera, bivamwo intabire nziza naho abantu benshi bata-
rabimenya. Iyo micafu isanzwe irimwo ivyunyunyu nkenerwa ku biterwa nka
azote, fosifore na potasiyumu. Gutyo, intabire ziva muri iyo myanda zishobora
gusubirira intabire z’ikizungu zitari nke kandi umwimbu ukaguma ari wawun-
di canke ukanongerekana. Turetse n’ivyo, izo ntabire ziva muri iyo micafu zi-
rashobora gukoreshwa mu gusubiza isindimwa akanovera. Ariko mu gukoresha
izo ntabire, ni ngombwa gutandukanya umwanda mutoya n’umwanda mukuru
mu gihe turiko turituma.
Ako kazu ka surwumwe kumisha gafasha gutanga iyo ntabire.
19. 19
Gutunganya neza imicafu ivuye mu ngo
Kwegeraniriza imicafu mu bibanza vyabigenewe bituma aho umuntu abaye ha-
gira isuku, indwara zifatiye kw’isuku rike zikagabanuka, bukaba mbere n’uburyo
bumwe bw’ukwubahiriza amategeko y’aho umuntu abaye.
Uburyo burashe bwo gutunganya imicafu ni ubuhe ?
Ni nkenerwa rero gukoresha uburyo burashe mu gukura imicafu.
Muri rusangi :
• Gushira imicafu aho yagenewe, kutayiturira, kutayita mu miserege
no mu nzuzi, kutayihamba mu kuzimu n’ibindi, nivyo vyerekana
imigenzo myiza ibereye ituma amagara y’umuntu canke ayo
ibitungwa n’ibiterwa atabangamirwa. Dusabwa rero kugabanya
urugero rw’imicafu mukwirinda gutekera ibidakenewe mu bihe
vy’ingendo. Nk’akarorero, ivyo umuntu aguze vyotekerwa mu
biseke aho kubitwara mu tumwanya. Atari uko, umuntu yokwitaho
cane ibitwarwa bitarinze gutekerwa.
• Kwiyumvira ingene ikintu cosubira gukoreshwa imbere yo kugita.
Hariho ibikoresho bimwe bimwe bishobora gusubira gukoreshwa:
aho ni nk’amacupa, amabesani yamenaguritse ashobora
gukoreshwa mu kurima imboga tutibagiye imicafu ibora ishobora
guhingurwamwo ifumbire, n’ibindi.
• Gushira imicafu mu bibanza vyabigenewe, bikingiye, mu
gutandukanya imicafu ibora n’iyitabora.
Ibwirizwa rivuga riti :
Gushira imicafu mu bibanza bitabigenewe (nko mu miserege)
bihanwa n’ihadabu riri hagati y’ibihumbi mirongo itanu n’ibihumbi
amajana umunani (50 000 na 800 000) mu mafaranga y’amarundi
canke umunyororo w’amezi abiri (2) gushika ku myaka itanu (5).
Tubisanga mu ngingo za 51 na 144 ziri mw’itegeko rigenga ibwi-
rizwa ry’ibidukikije rya Repubulika y’Uburundi nimero 1/10 ryo
kuwa 30 Ruheshi umwaka wa 2000
20. 20
Igihe hasanzwe hari uburyo bugenewe gutunganya ivy’imicafu :
• Abantu bokoresha ubwo buryo bwo kwegeranya imicafu mu
kuyisobanura, kuyisubiza agaciro, no gushira ibisigarira vyayo mu
bibanza bikingiwe kandi vyabigenewe.
• Kuriha intererano zisabwa n’abajejwe kwegeranya iyo micafu
kugira ico gikorwa gishobore kubandanya.
• Gutekera iyo micafu mu magunira yagenewe ico gikorwa,
ashobora guterurwa mu gihe abagenewe kuyijana ahateguwe baje
kurangura ico gikorwa.
Ibwirizwa rivuga riti :
Kudakoresha uburyo bwo gutunganya imicafu mugihe busanzwe
buhari bihanwa n’ihadabu riri hagati y’ibihumbi mirongo itanu
n’ibihumbi amajana atanu (50 000 na 500 000) mu mafaranga
y’amarundi canke umunyororo uva ku mezi abiri (2) gushika ku
myaka itanu (5). Tubisanga mu ngingo za 120, 121 na 153 ziri
mwitegeko nimero 1/10 ryo ku wa 30 Ruheshi umwaka w’ 2000.
Mu gisagara ca Bujumbura, gukoresha ubwo buryo n’itegeko
Gukoresha ubwo buryo bwo gutunganya imicafu ni ugukingira
ababanyi ingaruka zifatiye ku ndwara zishobora kwiyadukiza.
21. 21
Ingaruka mbi zifatiye kukugira isuku rike ni nyishi :
• Kwama kwa muganga, kuriha amahera y’ibipimo nayo imiti ;
ivyo bituma umuntu ataba akirangura imirimo nk’uko bisanzwe,
agashahara ntaco kaba kakimumarira, atakaza akazi canke
urudandazwa rugahagarara, atagishobora gusanura inyubakwa
zononekaye, n’ibindi.
22. 22
Gusozera
Imigenzo myiza ifatiye kw’isuku ituma indwara ziva kw’isuku rike zigabanuka,
igatuma abantu baba ahantu hasukuye kandi bakagira n’amagara meza.
Uwo ariwe wese arafise uruhara ku vyerekeye amagara yiwe n’ay’abandi. Gu-
tyo, iyo migenzo itegerezwa kuraba bose atanumwe avuyemwo mu ntumbero
yo gutunganya ubuzima bwiza mu karere abantu babayemwo.
Iyo migenzo myiza ifatiye kw’isuku no gukinga indwara itegerezwa kugenda
irahanahanwa kuva ku bayifise gushika ku batayifise mu gutanga impanuro
zifatiye ku biganiro mu miryango, mu bagenzi, mu babanyi na cane cane ku
vyerekeye inyifato umwe umwe yogira kugira ngo agire amagara meza.
Aka gatabu gafasha rero bamwe n’abandi gutahura ingene idwara zandukira,
n’uburyo bwokoreshwa mu kuzikinga kugira bagire amagara meza.
Nimuyage ibiri muri aka gatabu mwongere mubihanehane bizobagirira akama-
ro kanini cane!
Mukeneye izindi nsiguro, egere abajejwe amagara y’abantu canke
amavuriro abegereye aho mu ma komine iwanyu.