1. Three commonly used classes of drugs for
the respiratory system conditions
Antibiotic kills bacteria.
Antihistamine blocks allergy attack.
Corticosteroid reduces inflammation and
swelling.
1
2. The PDR contains information on all the drugs
licensed by the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration (FDA).
• Classes
• Boxed Warning
• DEA class (prescription or OTC)
• Description
• Common brand names
• How supplied
• Dosage and indications
• Maximum dosage
• Dosing considerations
• Administration
• Storage
• Contraindications/precautions
• Adverse reactions
• Drug interactions
• Pregnancy and lactation
• Mechanism of action
• Pharmokinetics
Physicians' Desk Reference (PDR)
2
Web photo retrieved from https://groups.diigo.com/group/berfdilycoc30/content/physicians-desk-reference-pictures-6970757
3. 3
Antibiotic
• A type of antimicrobial drug which treats and prevents bacterial
infections
• May either kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria
• May also possess antiprotozoal activity
• Not effective against viruses such as the common cold or influenza
Web photo retrieved from https://haywardmemorialhospital.com/about-us/antibiotic-awareness/
4. 4
Antibiotic
Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (Cipro)
• Classes:
Fluoroquinolone antibiotic
Ophthalmological anti-infective
Auricular (Otic) anti-infective
• DEA Class:
A medical prescription (Rx)
• Common brand names:
Cetraxal, Ciloxan, Cipro, Cipro XR, OTIPRIO,
Proquin XR
Web photo retrieved from https:// www.epainassist.com/opioid-treatment/medications/how-effective-is-cipro-and-what-are-its-side-effects
5. 5
Antibiotic
Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (Cipro)
• Description:
Oral, intravenous (IV), ophthalmic, otic broad-
spectrum fluoroquinolone anti-infective
Used for urinary tract infections, respiratory tract
infections, skin and skin structure infections,
infectious diarrhea, anthrax, plague, corneal
ulcers, bacterial conjunctivitis, acute otitis
externa, and bilateral otitis media with effusion in
patients undergoing tympanostomy tube
placement
• Adverse reactions:
Associated with disabling and potentially
irreversible adverse events, including tendonitis,
tendon rupture, and peripheral neuropathy
Web photo retrieved from https:// www.epainassist.com/opioid-treatment/medications/how-effective-is-cipro-and-what-are-its-side-effects
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Antihistamine
Histamine Structure
• An inexpensive, generic drug which treats
allergic rhinitis and other allergies, with few
side effects
• Can give relief when a person has nasal
congestion, sneezing, or hives because of
pollen, dust mites, or animal allergy
• Usually for short-term treatment
• Might not treat health problems caused by
chronic allergies, including asthma,
sinusitis, and lower respiratory tract
infection
• Need doctors’ guidance for any long-term
use
Web photo retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antihistamine#cite_note-Consumer_Reports_2013-1
8. 8
Antihistamine
Web photo retrieved from https://www.pharmcom.com/allergy-cough-cold/101-allegra-telfast-180mg-30-tablets.html
Fexofenadine hydrochloride (Allegra)
• Classes:
Second generation (non-sedating) antihistamine
• DEA Class:
Rx, OTC
• Common brand names:
Allegra, Allegra Allergy 12 Hour, Allegra
Allergy 24 Hour, Allegra Children's Allergy,
Allegra Children's Allergy ODT, Allegra ODT,
Children's Allergy Fexofenadine
9. 9
Antihistamine
Web photo retrieved from https://www.pharmcom.com/allergy-cough-cold/101-allegra-telfast-180mg-30-tablets.html
Fexofenadine hydrochloride (Allegra)
• Description:
Non-sedating antihistamine (H1-receptor
antagonist)
Used for seasonal allergic rhinitis and chronic
idiopathic urticaria
Active metabolite of terfenadine
• Adverse reactions:
Severe
Anaphylactoid reactions / Rapid
Angioedema / Rapid
Moderate
Unspecified chest pain / Early
Dyspnea / Early
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Corticosteroid
Cortisol (hydrocortisone),
is a corticosteroid with
both glucocorticoid and
mineralocorticoid activity
and effects
• A class of steroid hormones that are produced in
the adrenal cortex (cortisol and aldosterone), as
well as the synthetic analogues of these
hormones.
• Two main classes of corticosteroids,
glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, are
involved in a wide range of physiological
processes, including stress response, immune
response, and regulation of inflammation,
carbohydrate metabolism, protein catabolism,
blood electrolyte levels, and behavior.
• Some common naturally occurring steroid
hormones are cortisol, corticosterone, cortisone
and aldosterone.
Web photo retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticosteroid
13. 13
Corticosteroid
Web photo retrieved from https://www.epainassist.com/opioid-treatment/medications/how-effective-is-flonase
Fluticasone propionate (Flonase)
• Description:
Synthetic corticosteroid; used topically,
intranasally, and by oral inhalation
Medium-potency topical products are used
for corticosteroid-responsive dermatoses,
including atopic dermatitis, in adults and
pediatric patients 3 months and older.
Used via oral inhalation for maintenance
treatment of asthma or chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD); used
intranasally for allergic / non-allergic
rhinitis and for nasal polyps
15. 15
References
1. Prescribers’ Digital Reference, http://www.pdr.net/.
2. Antibiotic, Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic.
3. “Utilizing antibiotics agents effectively will preserve present day medication”. News
Ghana. 21 November 2015. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
4. “Antibiotics”. NHS. 5 June 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
5. “Factsheet for experts”. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Retrieved
21 December 2014.
6. Chemical Analysis of Antibiotic Residues in Food (PDF). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2012.
pp. 1–60. ISBN 9781449614591.
7. Antihistamine, Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antihistamine.
8. Consumer Reports (2013), Using Antihistamines to Treat Allergies, Hay Fever, & Hives -
Comparing Effectiveness, Safety, and Price (PDF), Yonkers, New York: Consumer
Reports.
9. Corticosteroid, Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticosteroid.
10. Nussey, S.; Whitehead, S. (2001). Endocrinology: An Integrated Approach. Oxford: BIOS
Scientific Publishers.
11. Nussey, Stephen; Whitehead, Saffron (2001-01-01). The adrenal gland. BIOS Scientific
Publishers.
