These slides cover topics on Rape and its effects, its treatment, laws, types, and some case studies. It also discusses about Consent and Molestation, Sexual Assault.
Basic Civil Engineering first year Notes- Chapter 4 Building.pptx
Rape- Sexual Assault
1. Topic: RAPE
Prepared by: Muhammad Bilal Nasir
Roll No. SP17-BSE-145
Subject: Sociology
Comsats University Islamabad, Lahore Campus
2. Rape
• Rape is a type of sexual assault usually involving sexual intercourse or
other forms of sexual penetration carried out against a person
without that person's consent.
• The act may be carried out by physical force, coercion, abuse of
authority, or against a person who is incapable of giving valid consent,
such as one who is unconscious, incapacitated, has an intellectual
disability or is below the legal age of consent. The term rape is
sometimes used interchangeably with the term sexual assault.
3. Sexual Assault and Rape
• What is Sexual Assault?
• According to the Rape, Abuse, and Incest National Network (RAINN), sexual
assault is defined as any sexual contact or behavior that occurs without
explicit consent of the survivor.
• Assault does not have to be penetrative; it can include both fondling and
molestation. Sexual assault is considered rape when it involves oral or
other kind of penetration. Sexual contact is also illegal if inflicted upon a
person who is incapable of giving consent because of age, physical
incapacity, or mental incapacity.
• A person may experience sexual assault from a friend, romantic partner, or
family member, but regardless of relation, unwanted sexual contact is
unacceptable. Consent should be very clear in a sexual encounter. If all
parties involved do not provide an enthusiastic “yes,” there is no consent
4. Molestation
• Molestation refers to “sexual acts with children up to the age of 18,
including touching of private parts, exposure of genitalia, taking of
pornographic pictures, rape, inducement of sexual acts with the molester
or with other children, and variations of these acts by pedophiles.
Molestation may include incest or unwanted sexual acts by a relative, but is
short of rape.”
• Though strangers can be the perpetrators of this crime, it is quite common
for the perpetrator to be a family member or other individual that the child
knows. This is because the predator often engages in “grooming” before
the actual molestation takes place—that is, they increase trust and access
to the child to decrease the likelihood that they will be discovered. When
molesters are strangers, they often commit the crime at schools,
playgrounds, parks, and shopping malls.
5. So What is Consent Actually ??
• Consent is an agreement between participants to engage in a specific
activity. Consent is mandatory for engaging in both sexual and non-
sexual activities with other people.
• Activities that require consent can range from asking someone if they
would like a hug to asking someone out on a date and for having
sexual intercourse. Consent must be voluntarily given and cannot be
obtained through coercion or force.
• It can also be revoked at any time during an activity. Just because
someone consented to something in the past, does not mean that
they consent to it again in the future—consent must be received
every time.
6. Cont..
• Coercion: Persuading someone to do something by the use of force or
threats.
• Globally, the age of consent ranges from 11 to 21 years old. Some
countries do not have age of consent laws, but forbid sexual
relationships outside of marriage. The image is a map for the age of
consent across the globe.
7.
8. • It is a felony offense, which means it is among the most serious
crimes a person can commit.
• Men as well as women and children can be raped.
9. Marital Rape
• Marital Rape is non-consensual sex within marriage.Many cultures often
have trouble understanding this type of sexual assault, because they
believe that a spouse is entitled to sex because of the marriage. However,
even in a married relationship, any sexual act without consent is still
considered sexual assault. Marital rape is one of the most underreported
types of sexual assaults, yet it is much more prevalent in society than
expected.
• Many countries around the world do not have any legislation protecting
victims of marital rape. Some countries either legally allow it, or illegally
tolerate it by not pursuing the rapists. The western world has recently
progressed due to the feminist movement, and some countries such as the
United States have begun to develop new legislation to protect victims of
marital rape. However, the laws are much contested and often result in a
long, difficult trial.
10. • Many men and women in Pakistan are raised with the beliefs that
"sex is a man's right in marriage“
• The topic of sex is a taboo subject in Pakistan, therefore women often
refrain from reporting their experiences with rape
• Marital abuse in general is considered to be a family and private
matter in Pakistan which is another reason of why women refrain
from reporting in fear of social judgement
11. Rape of children
• Rape of a child is a form of child sexual abuse.
• When committed by another child (usually older or stronger) or
adolescent, it is called child-on-child sexual abuse.
• When committed by a parent or other close relatives such as
grandparents, aunts and uncles, it is also Incest and can result in
serious and long-term psychological trauma. When a child is raped by
an adult who is not a family member but is a caregiver or in a position
of authority over the child, such as school teachers, religious
authorities, sports trainers on whom the child is dependent, the
effects can be similar to incestual rape.
12. Honor Rape
• A practice in which the perpetrators are motivated by a belief that the
victim has brought dishonor upon the family, clan or community. A
less widely publicized form of honour punishment, is gang rape.
• Honor gang rapes are usually carried out against women.
13. Emotional and psychological behaviour
• Victims may not recognize what happened to them was rape. Some
may remain in denial for years afterwards.
• Women may not identify their victimization as rape for many reasons
such as feelings of shame, embarrassment, non-uniform legal
definitions, reluctance to define the friend/partner as a rapist, or
because they have internalized victim-blaming attitudes
• During the assault, a person will respond with fight flight, freeze,
friend (sometimes called fawn), or flop. Victims may react in ways
they did not anticipate. After the rape, they may be
uncomfortable/frustrated with and not understand their reactions.
14. • Most victims respond by 'freezing up' or becoming compliant and
cooperative during the rape. These are common survival responses of
all mammals. This can cause confusion for others and the person
assaulted.
• An assumption is that someone being raped would call for help or
struggle. A struggle would result in torn clothes or injuries.
15. Physical
• The presence or absence of physical injury may be used to determine
whether a rape has occurred.
• Those who have experienced sexual assault yet have no physical
trauma may be less inclined to report to the authorities or to seek
health care.
• While penetrative rape generally does not involve the use of a
protection, in some cases a protection is used. Use of protection
significantly reduces the likelihood of pregnancy and disease
transmission, both to the victim and to the rapist.
16. • Rationales for protection use include:
• Avoiding contracting infections or diseases (particularly HIV),
especially in cases of rape of sex workers or in gang rape (to avoid
contracting infections or diseases from fellow rapists)
• Eliminating evidence, making prosecution more difficult
• Giving the appearance of consent
17. Sexually Transmitted Diseases STDs
• Those who have been raped have relatively more reproductive tract
infections than those not been raped.
• HIV can be transmitted through rape. Acquiring AIDS through rape
puts people risk of suffering psychological problems. Acquiring HIV
through rape may lead to the in behaviors that create risk of injecting
drugs
• The person who was raped may have a sexually transmitted bacterial,
hepatitis B, viral and other infections and if diagnosed, it is treated
18. …
• The belief that having sex with a virgin can cure HIV/AIDS exists in
parts of Africa. This leads to the rape of girls and women.
• The claim that the myth drives either HIV infection or child sexual
abuse in South Africa is disputed by researchers Rachel Jewkes and
Helen Epstein.
19. Treatment
• Physical assessment
• Many rapes do not result in serious physical injury. The first medical
response to sexual assault is a complete assessment. This general
assessment will prioritize the treatment of injuries by the emergency
room staff. Medical personnel involved are trained to assess and treat
those assaulted or follow protocols established to ensure privacy and
best treatment practices.
20. • Some physical injuries are readily apparent such as, bites, broken
teeth, swelling, bruising, lacerations and scratches. In
more violent cases, the victim may need to have gunshot wounds
or stab wounds treated. The loss of consciousness is relevant to the
medical history. Immunization against tetanus is offered.
Diagnostic Testing
• After the general assessment and treatment of serious injuries,
further evaluation may include the use of additional diagnostic testing
such as x-rays, CT or MRI image studies and blood work. The presence
of infection is determined by sampling of body fluids from the mouth,
throat and some other related parts of body.
21. Genital injuries
• An internal pelvic exam is not recommended for sexually immature
girls due to the probability that internal injuries do not exist in this
age group
• An internal exam may be recommended if significant bloody
discharge is observed, though. A complete pelvic exam for rape is
conducted.
22. Effects of Rape
• Psychiatric and emotional consequences can be apparent
immediately after rape and it may be necessary to treat these very
early in the evaluation and treatment.
• Some of these can be anxiety, fear, fear of crowds, avoidance, anger,
depression, humiliation, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
hyperarousal, sexual disorders (including fear of engaging in sexual
activity), mood disorders, suicidal ideation, borderline personality
disorder, nightmares, fear of situations that remind the patient of the
rape and fear of being alone, emotional distance and more etc.
23. Pakistani Law
• Rape is defined in Section 375 of the Pakistan Penal Code, 1860 (the
“PPC”) according to which The maximum penalty for rape is death
and/or imprisonment for twenty five (25) years and/or fine.
Islamic Law
• Most classical scholars argued for applying the ḥadd penalty for zinā
to a convicted rapist, which is stoning to death for the married or a
flogging of 100 lashes and deportation for the unmarried. They base
their argument on a hadith which reports a rape case at the time of
the Prophet, where the victim was excused and her rapist (who was
married) was sentenced to be stoned to death.
24. US Federal Law
• The US federal law criminalizing sexual assault sets a maximum
sentence of 20 years in prison, and also provides for fines.
• In addition, federal law provides that those convicted of sexual
assault must compensate their victims for any expenses directly
related to the crime. This can include costs for medical care, physical
or occupational therapy, attorney's fees, and other related expenses
