midterm topic for child and ado

1. of Lawrence Kohlberg
MORAL
DEVELOPMENT
THEORY
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2. #1 what is "Moral
development theory"
TOPIC OUTLINE
Today's Discussion
#2 how Kohlberg developed
his theory
#3 stages of Moral
Development
#4 Applications and Criticisms
for Kohlberg's Theory of Moral
Development
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3. "MORAL
DEVELOPMENT
THEORY"
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4. WHAT IS "MORAL
DEVELOPMENT
THEORY"
Kohlberg's theory of moral development is a theory that
focuses on how children develop morality and moral
reasoning. Kohlberg's theory suggests that moral
development occurs in a series of six stages and that
moral logic is primarily focused on seeking and
maintaining justice.
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5. HOW
KOHLBERG
DEVELOPED
HIS THEORY?
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6. Kohlberg based his theory on a series of moral dilemmas presented to his
study subjects. Participants were also interviewed to determine the
reasoning behind their judgments in each scenario.
One example was "Heinz Steals the Drug." In this scenario, a woman has
cancer and her doctors believe only one drug might save her. This drug
had been discovered by a local pharmacist and he was able to make it for
$200 per dose and sell it for $2,000 per dose. The woman's husband,
Heinz, could only raise $1,000 to buy the drug.
He tried to negotiate with the pharmacist for a lower price or to be
extended credit to pay for it over time. But the pharmacist refused to sell
it for any less or to accept partial payments. Rebuffed, Heinz instead
broke into the pharmacy and stole the drug to save his wife. Kohlberg
asked, "Should the husband have done that?"
How Kohlberg developed his theory?
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7. STAGES OF
MORAL
DEVELOPMENT
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8. Preconventional morality is the earliest period of moral
development. It lasts until around the age of 9. At this
age, children's decisions are primarily shaped by the
expectations of adults and the consequences of
breaking the rules.
LEVEL 1.
PRECONVENTIONAL
MORALITY
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9. STAGE 1: PUNISHMENT-
OBEDIENCE ORIENTATION
In the context of Skinner's Operational Conditioning, this stage
involves applying punishment to keep a person from acting and
following rules. For example, we follow the law because we don't
want to go to jail or could be also when we follow school rules
because we don't want to be called in principal's office, therefore in
which they are given self-awareness of the consequence of the
action. however adults also are able to expressing this sort of
reasoning. According to Kohlberg, human beings at this level see
guidelines as constant and absolute. Obeying the guidelines is critical
due to the fact it's far a manner to keep away from punishment.
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10. STAGE 2
INDIVIDUALISM
AND EXCHANGE
At this stage, actors are supposed to judge the morality of their
actions by how they meet their individual needs. For example,
someone steals money from another person because they need
that money to buy food for their hungry children. In Kohlberg's
theory, children tend to say that this action is morally right
because of the serious need of the doer. Children consider their
individual perspectives and make behavioural decisions based
on how they respond to their individual needs. In Heinz's
dilemma, the children argued that the best course of action was
the choice that best suited Heinz's needs. is limited to, another
example is that when a homeless person steals medicine from a
pharmacy store to give to his ill child because of serious needs
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11. LEVEL 2.
CONVENTIONAL
MORALITY
The next period of moral development is marked by the
acceptance of social rules regarding what is good and moral.
During this time, adolescents and adults internalize the moral
standards they have learned from their role models and from
society.
This period also focuses on the acceptance of authority and
conforming to the norms of the group. There are two stages at
this level of morality
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12. STAGE 3 : DEVELOPING
GOOD INTERPERSONAL
RELATIONSHIPS
Developing good interpersonal relationship -There are a few crucial areas
to concentrate on when learning how to enhance interpersonal
connections. There is space for improvement in these particular abilities,
even in partnerships that are supportive and affirming. They are talking,
being open and truthful, dealing with discomfort, apologizing, and
showing thanks. -Interpersonal connection skills: what are they? They are
the channels via which we communicate with others and form emotional
connections. The same abilities will help you in interpersonal relationships
with friends, parents, partners, neighbors, and complete strangers.
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13. LEVEL 4:
MAINTAINING SOCIAL
ORDER
The fundamental goal of this phase is to keep social
order intact. People start to take society as a whole
into account when making decisions at this point in
moral development. The emphasis is on upholding
law and order through abiding by the law,
performing one's duties, and showing respect for
authority.
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14. The third stage of moral development, known as postconventional
morality, is distinguished by a person's comprehension of
overarching ethical concepts. These are ill-defined and vague, but
they might include things like the necessity of protecting life at all
costs and the value of human dignity. The external control of
morality is present at the preconventional level. In order to avoid
punishment or gain rewards, people abide by the rules that are set
forth by authoritative persons. According to this viewpoint, doing
what is right simply means getting away with it or doing what
makes you happy.
LEVEL 3 :
POSTCONVENTIONAL
MORALITY
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15. STAGE 5 :
CONTRACT AND
INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS
This stage recognizes the emergence of abstract thought as
people make an effort to explain particular behavior. For
instance, since his wife is gravely ill and the laws do not account
for her condition, the guy should steal the medication for her.
The fifth stage merely states that participants start to think
about "What makes for a decent society? They have the
capacity to take a step back and consider each circumstance as
a whole while considering what is right and fair. They can
address contradictions in their principles and make an effort to
change what they disagree with by considering the morals and
ethics of their contemporary community.
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16. According to Kohlberg's theory's final step, moral judgment is
based on individual values. As an illustration, it is okay for the
guy to use the prescription without paying because his wife's life
is more important than things or property. When Kohlberg
realized that outcomes from elected processes are not always
fair, stage six was created. People who had reached the fifth
stage of moral development understood the value of defending
human rights while also finding democratic solutions to
problems. Unfortunately, some majority votes led to regulations
that in fact hurt a minority group, raising even more profound
philosophical issues.
STAGE 6 :
UNIVERSAL PRINCIPLES
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17. APPLICATIONS
FOR
KOHLBERG'S
THEORY
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18. Understanding Kohlberg's theory of moral
development is important because it can help
parents guide their children as they develop their
moral character. Parents with younger children
might work on rule obeyance, for instance,
whereas they might teach older children about
social expectations. Teachers and other educators can also apply
Kohlberg's theory in the classroom, providing
additional moral guidance. A kindergarten
teacher could help enhance moral development by
setting clear rules for the classroom, and the
consequences for violating them. This helps kids
at stage one of moral development.
A teacher in high school might focus more on the
development that occurs in stage three
(developing good interpersonal relationships) and
stage four (maintaining social order). This could
be accomplished by having the students take part
in setting the rules to be followed in the
classroom, giving them a better idea of the
reasoning behind these rules. PROD BY : PLASTICS

19. CRITICISMS FOR
"KOHLBERG'S
THEORY OF MORAL
DEVELOPMENT"
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20. Kohlberg's theory played an important role in the development
of moral psychology. While the theory has been highly
influential, aspects of the theory have been critiqued for a
number of reasons:
Moral reasoning does not
equal moral behavior
1. 2. Overemphasizes justice 3. Cultural bias
4. Age bias 5. Gender bias
A critique of Kohlberg's theory is that it emphasizes justice to
the exclusion of other values and so may not adequately
address the arguments of those who value other moral
aspects of actions. Carol Gilligan, in her book In a Different
Voice, has argued that Kohlberg's theory is excessively
androcentric.
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21. END OF
REPORT
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22. RESOURCE
PAGE
https://explorable.com/theory-of-
moral-development?
fbclid=IwAR36gWBfF6dIq44mTxjx5
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9mg0uEufPJ6Soto6dInB1JJ8
https://www.verywellmind.com/kohl
bergs-theory-of-moral-
development-2795071