2. FIGURES OF SPEECH
To say in very simple terms, it is a
phrase whose actual meaning is
different from its literal meaning
There is a wide range of different
types of figures of speech that are
used in our daily communication
What are figures of
speech?
Types of figures of
speech
4. Figure of
speech
Example
Personification The opportunity knocked at his door
Metaphor He is the star of our class
Simile Her expression was as cold as ice
Alliteration She sells seashells on the seashore
Onomatopoeia The buzzing bee flew over my head
Hyperbole She has got a pea-sized brain
Irony Your hands are as clean as mud
Anaphora Charles Dickens: A Tale of Two Cities
8. Directions: Tell whether the statement is true or
false. Write T if it is true, and F if it is false.
Place your answers in your notebook.
1. An argumentative essay presents
one side of an issue.
2. An argumentative essay has three
parts – introduction, body, and
conclusion.
9. 3. The claim is also known as the
main thesis of the essay.
4. The body states the claim of
an argumentative essay.
5. The opposite view that
challenges the claim is known as
rebuttal.
10. 6. The purpose of the conclusion
is to provide more arguments
that will support your stand.
7. Facts and statistics are
examples of evidence.
8. The introduction states the
context of the topic.
11. 9. Every supporting detail
should be explained
thoroughly.
10. You may fabricate the
evidence you present.
12. Directions: Choose the letter of the best
answer.
1.What is an argument?
a. An idea that supports the
claim
b.A mere statement
c.A & B
13. Directions: Choose the letter of the best
answer.
2. It is also called the gateway
of an essay.
a. Introduction
b. Body
c. Conclusion
14. Directions: Choose the letter of the best
answer.
3. Which type of writing has
differing points of view?
a. Descriptive Writing
b. Informative Writing
c. Argumentative Writing
15. Directions: Choose the letter of the best
answer.
4. What is the hook in writing?
a. The main idea
b. The closing sentence of the
conclusion
c. How you engage your reader in
the beginning
16. Directions: Choose the letter of the best
answer.
5. The Criticism that asserts that a
great deal of meaning in a text lies
with how the reader responds to it.
a. Reader-Response
b. Reading-Response
c. Responsive-Reading
19. ISSUE
- An idea about which the opinions of
people are different
Example:
Should people be encouraged to travel by
bicycle rather than by a car?
20. CLAIM
- A statement by an author about an
issue that has a significant amount of
disagreement about it, also known as a
position, stand, or point of view.
Ex:
People should be encouraged to travel by
bicycle rather than by car.
21. ARGUMENT
- An idea that supports the claim and
needs supporting evidences.
Ex:
Maintaining a bicycle is less expensive
than a car.
22. EVIDENCE
- Facts in the real world that can be used
to support an argument.
Ex:
The parts of a bicycle are much cheaper
than the parts of a car.
23. Argumentative Essay
- A piece of writing that takes a
stance on an issue
- Presents evidences for a claim in
order to let the reader know why it is
more favorable.
24. Why is it important to learn how to write
an argumentative essay?
- Learning how to write an
argumentative essay will help you to
develop critical thinking and research
skills along with developing how to
rationally defend a position.
25. 1. Introductory Paragraph
- The first paragraph of your essay
should outline the topic, provide three
background information, outline the
evidence you will present and state
your thesis.
Structure of an Argumentative Essay
26. 2. Thesis Statement
- This is part of your first
paragraph. It is a concise,
one-sentence summary of
your main point and claim
Structure of an Argumentative Essay
27. How to Write a Thesis Statement
1. Turn the topic into a
question and answer it.
For example: In your title or introduction, you could
pose the question, “What is the best type of
sandwich?”
and then answer with your thesis statement:
“The best type of sandwich is peanut butter and jelly.
28. How to Write a Thesis Statement
2. State an argument –
and then refute it.
Introduce an idea that contrast
with your belief, and immediately
explain why you disagree with it.
29. How to Write a Thesis Statement
3. Briefly outline your main
points.
Introduce your main point and explain how
you’ll back it up.
For example: “You can turn a peanut butter and jelly
sandwich into a gourmet meal by using artisanal
bread, toasting bread and adding additional
toppings.”
30. How to Write a Thesis Statement
3. Briefly outline your main
points.
Introduce your main point and explain how
you’ll back it up.
For example: “You can turn a peanut butter and jelly
sandwich into a gourmet meal by using artisanal
bread, toasting bread and adding additional
toppings.”
31. 3. Body Paragraphs
- Each body paragraph should cover a
different idea or piece of evidence and
contain a topic sentence that clearly and
concisely explains why the reader should
agree with your position.
Structure of an Argumentative Essay
32. 3. Body Paragraphs
- Body paragraphs are where you back up
your claims with examples, research,
statistics, studies, and text citations.
- Address opposing points of view and
disprove them or explain why you
disagree with them should be included
here.
Structure of an Argumentative Essay
33. 4. Conclusion
- One paragraph that restates your thesis
and summarizes all of the arguments
made in your body paragraphs. Rather
than introducing new facts or more
arguments, a good conclusion will appeal
to a reader’s emotions.
Structure of an Argumentative Essay
34. Claim A statement of opinion/the
topic of your argument
Evidence Proof or facts that support your
claim
Counter-
Argument/
Counter-Claim
An argument that the reader
would make if they disagreed
with your claim
Rebuttal Your response to the counter-
argument
Conclusion A strong restatement of the
original claim
36. Techniques in Developing
Argumentative Claims
Analogy
- used in comparing two things for
the purpose of explanation or
clarification.
- You may also use simile and
metaphors as analogies.
38. Techniques in Developing
Argumentative Claims
Definition
- makes use of meaning or several
meanings to a concept that forms
your argument.
Colorism is a form of discrimination based on a
person’s skin color. People tend to favor individuals
with fair skin than those with black skin.
40. Techniques in Developing
Argumentative Claims
Analysis
A person’s preference in choosing friends
depends on the extent of belongingness one feels
in the company of peers. A girl can have more male
friends than females because she may feel more
comfortable with the opposite gender. Guys may
also feel the same.
41. Directions: Fill in the blanks with appropriate words
that will complete the sentence. Write your answers
on a separate sheet of paper.
1.The _______________ introduces the problem
and gives background information needed for
the argument and the thesis statement.
2.The ______________ restates the main claim
and gives one or two general statements which
exactly summarize/s the arguments.
42. Directions: Fill in the blanks with appropriate words
that will complete the sentence. Write your answers
on a separate sheet of paper.
3. _________________ is the technique used to
present similarities and/or differences of two major
concepts.
4. _______________ is done by taking a part from
the whole and scrutinizing it to prove a point.
5. An __________________ aims to make the
reader agree with the writer’s opinion about a
controversial issue or a debatable topic.
43. In writing any essay, you must begin
with an introduction. Your introduction
must present your thesis statement or
your argumentative claim. Your claim
may come from your answer to a
debatable issue or a question. To
make your claim, explain your answer
to the questions written on the board.
Use a ½ crosswise.
44. Has the rise of the internet given a positive or negative impact on
education?
Claim:
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
Should world governments get involved in addressing climate change?
Claim:
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
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Notes de l'éditeur
- Is a word or phrase that uses figurative language (has other meaning than its literal/typical definition)
Connotative – has other meaning other than its literal – figurative meaning
Denotative – literal meaning of the word. From the word “d” - Dictionary
Simile – compares 2 things using like/as
example: Mary’s smile is as bright as the sunshine.
Metaphor – compares 2 things without as/like
example: The snow is a white blanket.
Personification – things(ideas, animals) that don’t have life or inanimate objects are represented as having human qualities.
Example: My alarm clock yells at me to get out of bed every morning.
Hyperbole – uses exaggeration to create a strong effect.
Example: This bag weighs a ton. (The bag is very heavy) ton (907kg)
Anaphora – repetition that occurs when the first word or set of words in one sentence, clause, or phrase is/are repeated at/or very near the beginning of successive sentences.
Repetition of the initial word(s) over successive phrases or clauses.
Example: Stay safe. Stay well. Stay happy.
Barbie: Star light, star bright,
First star I see tonight,
I wish I may, I wish I might,
Have this wish I wish tonight.
Irony – contradicting to what is being said or stated. One thing is said, while another thing is meant.
“Ay alam mo, ang ganda ganda mo today. Para kang si Liza Soberano.”
A fire station burns down.
The police station gets robbed.
A pilot has a fear of heights.
An English teacher that has poor grammar.
Metonymy from the Greek word Metonymia “change of name”
The name of an object or concept is being replaced with a word closely related to or suggested by the original, as crown means king
“A pen is mightier than a sword” pen- written word sword – military aggression (war)
Synecdoche – a part represents the whole, as in the expression “hired hands” for workmen.
-example: Check out my new wheels.
So many hungry mouths to feed.
White hair – elderly people
Hyperbole or synecdoche - Lend me your ears - Julius Caesar by Shakespeare
Oxymoron – combination of contradictory words with opposing meaning
Ex. Deafening silence, old news, organized chaos, awfully good, bittersweet, original copy
Paradox – from Greek word- contrary to belief “I am not lying” one can’t tell the truth while they say they are not lying
Example: The more you hate the more you love. The more you fail, the more likely you are to succeed.
a
a
a.
a. Intro – gateway (beginning)
c. Argumentative Writing
c. How will you catch their attention or interest. So that they will stay reading…
Readerr-response
There is a claim by the issue from someone.
This argument supports the claim. Answers the question, Why do you prefer a bicycle?
This is the proof, the fact.
Stance – pose, bearing, standing
Do you think abortion should be legalized in our country? On what stance or level are you trying to prove?
Structure of an Argumentative Essay
Prove is synonymous to refute - prove, refute
Make sure that your main points is not very long.
Make it brief and informative.
Introduction part: Claim – topic or the main thesis or position of the essay. Main idea in writing the essay
- You also need to include the hook in the first sentence of your essay to grab the reader’s attention so that they would want to read on.
Body part:
Evidence – supporting details; the reasons, facts, statistics, examples, or statement coming from EXPERTS, studies, or other sources to support the claim.
Counter-argument: opposing or contrary view that challenges or offsets the claims
How will a student get higher grades?
Students must become as busy as a bee in studying so that they will get high grades.
Raising a child is like gardening, we have to nurture them and be patient.
Black is to white as on is to off.
Black : white :: on : off
Venn Diagram
For example: You want to write about prejudice about people’s colors or colorism. You may start with:
…
For example, you are to write about teenage preferences in choosing friends.
