Lord Francis Bacon was a 16th-17th century philosopher who is considered the founder of the modern scientific method. He emphasized empirical observation and experimentation over traditional deductive logic and advocated an inductive approach to scientific inquiry. Bacon rejected the Aristotelian syllogistic method and emphasized the importance of collecting data without bias in order to discover the underlying causes and laws of nature through a process of systematic induction. He outlined potential sources of prejudice that could obstruct objectivity in scientific investigation and proposed his new inductive logic as a means of overcoming these obstacles to arrive at more certain knowledge.

2. LORD FRANCIS BACON
• 1561-1626
• Founder of Modern Inductive Method
• Pioneer in the attempt at logical systematization of scientific procedures
• Aristocratic Background

6. • Arrested, Prosecuted and jailed
• He admitted the accusations but pleaded that the bribe never influenced his
decisions
• Verdict: 40,000 pounds + Imprisonment + Ban from court forever
• Queen pardoned
• Sentence: Partially executed + Fine not exempted + 4days Jail
• But
• COMPELLEDTO ABANDON HIS PUBLIC LIFE

9. • Book is remarkably
modern in its content
• “ Knowledge is power”

10. • Named Novum Organum as it was
considered as advancement on
Aristotle
• A logic that is new when compared to
Aristotle
• Involved in reformation of science
during period of renaissance
• His Philosophy is PRACTICAL
• Master the nature with scientific
discoveries and inventions

11. • Aristotle believed in final cause –What Is the utility?
• Bacon advanced it
• Every investigation is to achieve mastery over nature
• Traditional way is full of dogmas
• Scholastic method was a collapsing methodology

13. • Bacon was the first person to emphasize that philosophy, science and
theology were different from each other
• Orthodox Christian
• Not much religious faith
• But accepted the traditional concept of God
• May be for his survival
• To escape punishment and rejection
• But clearly separated theology and science
• Theology – Matter of Faith, known by revelations, facts are revealed
• Science – Matter of Investigation, known by experimentation or by
experience, facts are invented

14. • Tradition of 2000 years was questioned and replaced
• Only way of science is investigation
• Purpose of science – Inventions and discoveries
• Philosophy should depend on reason and not on belief
• Science should depend on observation

15. Doctrine of DoubleTruth
• Revelation is Religious way
• Reason is scientific way
• Clearly differentiated between both
• Intelligent and Practical to accept both, yet
separated both
• Success: Put forward theories without
contradicting the existing theories

16. LOGIC

17. • Syllogistic method is only helpful to rearrange the acquired knowledge
• Major premise is the only knowledge, so it is only sufficient
• No contribution and originality in minor premise and conclusion and they
are automatic
• Rejected outrightly the idea that syllogism is good for acquiring knowledge
• Useless for scientific discovery
• Not the only method of deduction and cannot reject all the method of
deduction

18. INDUCTIVE LOGIC

19. • New knowledge is acquired through concrete experience of material reality
• Gave importance to systematic and methodical observation and
experimentation in natural sciences
• Natural sciences should not be based on revelations, faith or dogmas, but on
the basis of systematic observation and experimentations
• First person to emphasize the importance of induction against deduction
• Induction is the only method for scientific discovery
• Interested to find out a better kind of induction than simple enumeration

20. Discovering the nature of Heat
1. List of all available hot bodies
2. List of cold bodies
3. Varying degrees of heat and cold
4. Common Characteristics present in
heat will be absent in cold
5. Characteristics will be present in
varying degrees of heat and cold
Common characteristics will give a clue
as to what is heat
Arrive at a general law – Level of
Generality
Listing- 1st step of generalization – 1st
stage of induction

21. • 1st Stage of Induction
• 2nd Degree of generality
• 3rd Level of generality
• LawVerified
• Applied to various circumstances

23. • According to Bacon, for the purpose of scientific enquiry, unprejudiced
observation is important
• A man who wants to go for scientific investigation must investigate himself

24. Sources of Prejudice

25. IDOLS OFTRIBE
• Teleological Presupposition
• The first Cause
• The God orThe Prime mover
• Most important prejudice: Imaginations, images and ideas of GOD
• Stumbling block for any sort of enquiry

26. IDOLS OF DEN OR CAVE
• Depends on social and family influences
• Superior / Inferior
• Irrational prejudice
• Religion, language, custom etc.
• “A realization that nothing is so great is a great realization”

27. IDOLS OF MARKET PLACE
• Association of words, its meaning, and interpersonal transactions
• Language game
• Obstructing real development
• Artificial creation, not natural
• Words –Wrong context, wrong meaning
• Clean the knowledge –Very Difficult
• The real idea of emotion/ thought – not conveyed effectively

28. IDOLS OFTHEATRE
• False theories of science and philosophy
• Nothing is eternal
• Always replaced
• Prejudice is replaced
• Science and philosophy will keep changing – they are dynamic
• No absolute truth

29. THE FORM OF BACON

30. • Empiricist
• Experience is source of knowledge
• Nothing happens by chance
• Not like Spider orAnt
• Be like BEE – collect and arrange
• Proper induction: objective arrangements and subjective re-
arrangements
• Weakness of Induction: Arriving at general principle is not essential
• INDUCTIVE LEAP / INDUCTIVE GAP
• Data to principle (particular to general)

31. JUMPING INDUCTION
Assumptions: GEMS OF INDUCTIVE GENERALIZATION
• Uniformity of Nature – General realities are common in nature;H2+O2= H2O
• Unity of Nature – Not chaos but cosmos; everything is orderly and arranged
• Law of Causation – Every effect has a cause

32. CRITICISM
• NO HYPOTHESIS
• Major premise
• Verification of hypothesis is deduction
• Major premise – intuition ; But for Bacon – Particular – Scientific reasoning

33. “Reading maketh a Full Man,
Conference a ready Man, and
writing an exact Man” – Lord
Francis Bacon
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