This document reviews the application of remote sensing and GIS techniques for water quality assessment. It discusses how satellite images and models have been used to map parameters like chlorophyll-a, turbidity, and trace organic contamination in surface waters. GIS has allowed for generating groundwater vulnerability maps using the DRASTIC index model and identifying pollution sources by overlaying thematic layers. Regression models have also been developed to predict water quality index values from satellite imagery. In general, the integration of remote sensing data with the visualization and analysis capabilities of GIS provides effective tools for evaluating water resources and aiding decision making around water quality management.
IRJET - Physico-Chemical Analysis of Ground Water of Bhathat Block of Gorakhp...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the physicochemical properties of groundwater samples collected from 13 locations in the Bhathat Block of Gorakhpur District, India. The parameters tested include pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, nitrate, and fluoride. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques like inverse distance weighted interpolation were used to map the spatial distribution of water quality. The water quality index was calculated to evaluate the overall quality of water. Most parameters were within acceptable limits according to BIS standards, though some locations had higher levels of nitrates and fluorides. The study aims to assess groundwater quality in the region and identify polluted areas to enable remedial measures.
Water-Body Area Extraction From High Resolution Satellite Images-An Introduct...CSCJournals
Water resources play an important role in region planning, natural disaster, industrial and agricultural production and so on. Surveying of water-bodies and delineate its features properly is very first step for any planning, especially for places like India, where the land-cover is dominated by water-bodies. Recording images, such as from satellite, sometimes does not reflect the distinguished characteristics of water with non-water features, e.g. shadows of super structures. Image of water body is confused easily with the shadow of skyscraper, since calm water surface induces mirror reflection when it gives birth to echo wave. Over the past decade, a significant amount of research been conducted to extract the water body information from multi-resolution satellite image. The objective of this paper is to review methodologies applied for water body extraction using satellite remote sensing. First, studies on water body detection are treated. Methodological issues related to the use of these methods were summarized. Results from empirical studies, applying water-body extraction techniques are collected and discussed. Important issues for future research are also identified and discussed.
Climate change impact assessment on hydrology on river basinsAbhiram Kanigolla
The document discusses applying remote sensing and GIS techniques to assess the impacts of climate change on hydrology in river basins. It describes using the SWAT hydrological model to simulate the water balance of the Krishna River basin in India under current and future climate scenarios from regional climate models. Key steps involved gathering spatial data on terrain, land use and soils, calibrating and validating SWAT using historical weather data, and running the model for control and climate change scenarios to analyze changes in stream flows, runoff and groundwater. The results show increases in annual discharge and surface runoff in the basin in future climate scenarios.
Remote Sensing Method for Flood Management SystemIJMREMJournal
Flood occurred when heavy and continuous rainfall exceeding the absorptive capacity of soil and the flow
capacity of rivers, streams, and coastal areas. Land areas that are most subjected to floods are areas situated
adjacent to rivers and streams, that are known as floodplain and therefore considered as “flood-prone”. These
areas are hazardous to development activities if the vulnerability of those activities exceeds an acceptable level.
The main objectives of this study are; to identify floodplains and other susceptible areas, and to assess the
extent of disaster impact in the study area which is located at Kota Tinggi, Johor, Malaysia. This area
experienced an unprecedented flood during December of 2006 to January of 2007.Questions such as how often
and how long the floodplain will be covered by water, and at what time of year flooding can be expected need to
be answered. Thus, an understanding of the dynamic nature of floodplains is greatly required. Multi-temporal
Radarsat-1images, Landsat ETM+ image, topographical maps and land use maps were used in this study for
the purpose of delineating the flood extend before, during and after the flood event. DEM acquired from
topographic map is used to derive flood depth. The final outputs of this study are flood extent and flood depth
maps where both of these maps show the impact of the flood to environment, lives and properties. This map is
also important and can be applied to develop a comprehensive relief effort immediately after flooding.
IRJET- Estimation of Surface Runoff using Curve Number Method- A Geospatial A...IRJET Journal
This document describes a study that used the Curve Number method and GIS techniques to estimate surface runoff in the KCAET Campus area of Malappuram district, Kerala, India. Land use maps from 2006 and 2018 were digitized from satellite imagery and soil data was collected to determine hydrologic soil groups. Curve numbers were assigned based on land use and soil type to calculate runoff potential. Rainfall data from 2004-2007, 2018-2019 was analyzed. Results found 28.5% of the area has high runoff potential, 33.7% medium, and 37.7% low. Annual rainfall-runoff varied from 16-23%. Curve numbers were 57.77 and 58.95 for 2006 and
IRJET- Identification of Groundwater Potential Zones at AMPRS, Odakkali using...IRJET Journal
This study uses remote sensing and GIS techniques to identify groundwater potential zones in the vicinity of the Aromatic and Medicinal Plants Research Station in Odakkali, Kerala, India. Various thematic maps were created from data on geology, geomorphology, soils, drainage, lineaments, land use/land cover, and slope. These layers were integrated in a GIS using a multi-influence factor method to assign weights, then overlaid to produce a groundwater potential map. This map classified the study area into very high, high, medium, low, and very low potential zones. The results were validated through a field survey of well yields, which corresponded with the high potential zones identified on the map
Sediment Assessment of UJJANI Reservoir in Maharashtra by using Remote Sensin...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that uses remote sensing to assess sedimentation in the Ujjani Reservoir in Maharashtra, India. Landsat satellite imagery from 2001-2002 was analyzed using NDWI to identify water pixels and calculate changing water spread areas over time. This allowed the researchers to generate a revised capacity-elevation curve and estimate total sedimentation in the reservoir over 34 years was about 207.822 cubic meters, at a rate of 6.65 hectare-meters per 100 square kilometers per year. Remote sensing provided a more efficient approach than traditional surveys to periodically evaluate sedimentation and inform management of the reservoir's longevity.
Review on Study of Lake Water Using Multi Sensor Remote Sensing DataIOSR Journals
This document reviews using multi-sensor remote sensing data to study lake water quality. It discusses using IRS LISS III, Landsat TM/ETM+, and OCEANSAT-1 data to extract information on lake areas, surface temperatures, and water quality parameters. A classification scheme is created to assess Secchi depth, turbidity, chlorophyll-α, and total phosphorus based on spectral band combinations. The review examines previous methods used to retrieve these water quality variables from satellite imagery and develops a methodology using ground measurements and remote sensing.
IRJET - Physico-Chemical Analysis of Ground Water of Bhathat Block of Gorakhp...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the physicochemical properties of groundwater samples collected from 13 locations in the Bhathat Block of Gorakhpur District, India. The parameters tested include pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, nitrate, and fluoride. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques like inverse distance weighted interpolation were used to map the spatial distribution of water quality. The water quality index was calculated to evaluate the overall quality of water. Most parameters were within acceptable limits according to BIS standards, though some locations had higher levels of nitrates and fluorides. The study aims to assess groundwater quality in the region and identify polluted areas to enable remedial measures.
Water-Body Area Extraction From High Resolution Satellite Images-An Introduct...CSCJournals
Water resources play an important role in region planning, natural disaster, industrial and agricultural production and so on. Surveying of water-bodies and delineate its features properly is very first step for any planning, especially for places like India, where the land-cover is dominated by water-bodies. Recording images, such as from satellite, sometimes does not reflect the distinguished characteristics of water with non-water features, e.g. shadows of super structures. Image of water body is confused easily with the shadow of skyscraper, since calm water surface induces mirror reflection when it gives birth to echo wave. Over the past decade, a significant amount of research been conducted to extract the water body information from multi-resolution satellite image. The objective of this paper is to review methodologies applied for water body extraction using satellite remote sensing. First, studies on water body detection are treated. Methodological issues related to the use of these methods were summarized. Results from empirical studies, applying water-body extraction techniques are collected and discussed. Important issues for future research are also identified and discussed.
Climate change impact assessment on hydrology on river basinsAbhiram Kanigolla
The document discusses applying remote sensing and GIS techniques to assess the impacts of climate change on hydrology in river basins. It describes using the SWAT hydrological model to simulate the water balance of the Krishna River basin in India under current and future climate scenarios from regional climate models. Key steps involved gathering spatial data on terrain, land use and soils, calibrating and validating SWAT using historical weather data, and running the model for control and climate change scenarios to analyze changes in stream flows, runoff and groundwater. The results show increases in annual discharge and surface runoff in the basin in future climate scenarios.
Remote Sensing Method for Flood Management SystemIJMREMJournal
Flood occurred when heavy and continuous rainfall exceeding the absorptive capacity of soil and the flow
capacity of rivers, streams, and coastal areas. Land areas that are most subjected to floods are areas situated
adjacent to rivers and streams, that are known as floodplain and therefore considered as “flood-prone”. These
areas are hazardous to development activities if the vulnerability of those activities exceeds an acceptable level.
The main objectives of this study are; to identify floodplains and other susceptible areas, and to assess the
extent of disaster impact in the study area which is located at Kota Tinggi, Johor, Malaysia. This area
experienced an unprecedented flood during December of 2006 to January of 2007.Questions such as how often
and how long the floodplain will be covered by water, and at what time of year flooding can be expected need to
be answered. Thus, an understanding of the dynamic nature of floodplains is greatly required. Multi-temporal
Radarsat-1images, Landsat ETM+ image, topographical maps and land use maps were used in this study for
the purpose of delineating the flood extend before, during and after the flood event. DEM acquired from
topographic map is used to derive flood depth. The final outputs of this study are flood extent and flood depth
maps where both of these maps show the impact of the flood to environment, lives and properties. This map is
also important and can be applied to develop a comprehensive relief effort immediately after flooding.
IRJET- Estimation of Surface Runoff using Curve Number Method- A Geospatial A...IRJET Journal
This document describes a study that used the Curve Number method and GIS techniques to estimate surface runoff in the KCAET Campus area of Malappuram district, Kerala, India. Land use maps from 2006 and 2018 were digitized from satellite imagery and soil data was collected to determine hydrologic soil groups. Curve numbers were assigned based on land use and soil type to calculate runoff potential. Rainfall data from 2004-2007, 2018-2019 was analyzed. Results found 28.5% of the area has high runoff potential, 33.7% medium, and 37.7% low. Annual rainfall-runoff varied from 16-23%. Curve numbers were 57.77 and 58.95 for 2006 and
IRJET- Identification of Groundwater Potential Zones at AMPRS, Odakkali using...IRJET Journal
This study uses remote sensing and GIS techniques to identify groundwater potential zones in the vicinity of the Aromatic and Medicinal Plants Research Station in Odakkali, Kerala, India. Various thematic maps were created from data on geology, geomorphology, soils, drainage, lineaments, land use/land cover, and slope. These layers were integrated in a GIS using a multi-influence factor method to assign weights, then overlaid to produce a groundwater potential map. This map classified the study area into very high, high, medium, low, and very low potential zones. The results were validated through a field survey of well yields, which corresponded with the high potential zones identified on the map
Sediment Assessment of UJJANI Reservoir in Maharashtra by using Remote Sensin...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that uses remote sensing to assess sedimentation in the Ujjani Reservoir in Maharashtra, India. Landsat satellite imagery from 2001-2002 was analyzed using NDWI to identify water pixels and calculate changing water spread areas over time. This allowed the researchers to generate a revised capacity-elevation curve and estimate total sedimentation in the reservoir over 34 years was about 207.822 cubic meters, at a rate of 6.65 hectare-meters per 100 square kilometers per year. Remote sensing provided a more efficient approach than traditional surveys to periodically evaluate sedimentation and inform management of the reservoir's longevity.
Review on Study of Lake Water Using Multi Sensor Remote Sensing DataIOSR Journals
This document reviews using multi-sensor remote sensing data to study lake water quality. It discusses using IRS LISS III, Landsat TM/ETM+, and OCEANSAT-1 data to extract information on lake areas, surface temperatures, and water quality parameters. A classification scheme is created to assess Secchi depth, turbidity, chlorophyll-α, and total phosphorus based on spectral band combinations. The review examines previous methods used to retrieve these water quality variables from satellite imagery and develops a methodology using ground measurements and remote sensing.
IRJET - Groundwater Quality Analysis using GISIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that analyzed groundwater quality in Guruvayur, Kerala, India using GIS. Water samples from 7 locations were collected and tested for parameters like pH, TDS, EC, alkalinity and chloride. Spatial distribution maps of these parameters were generated using GIS which showed higher contaminant levels in coastal areas likely due to saltwater intrusion. An overall water quality index was also calculated for each sample. While sample quality was within permissible limits, the study concluded groundwater quality management could be improved through measures like well covers and rainwater harvesting to recharge aquifers. GIS provided an effective method to analyze and map groundwater quality across the study area.
IRJET - Prediction of Ground Water Level based on Machine LearningIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses using machine learning algorithms to predict groundwater levels based on factors like rainfall, temperature, and humidity.
2) Models were developed using statistical analysis, random forests, logistic regression, and decision trees to predict daily, weekly and monthly groundwater levels.
3) Field surveys were conducted to collect groundwater level data from observation wells over time. Factor analysis was used to analyze correlations between input parameters and develop predictive models.
Remote sensing data driven bathing water quality assessment using sentinel-3nooriasukmaningtyas
In this paper we are investigating the possibility of usage of remote sensing satellite data, more precisely sentinel-3 OLCI and SLSTR data, for assessment of bathing water quality. In this research we used data driven approach and analysis of data in order to pinpoint aspects of remote sensing data that can be useful for bathing water quality assessment. For this purpose we collected satellite images for period from start of June till end of September of 2019 and results of in-situ measurement for the same period . Results of in-situ measurement were correlated with satellite images bands and analyzed. We propose a simple method for rapid assessment of possible deterioration of bathing water quality to be used by public health authorities for better planning of in situ measurements. Results of implementation of predictive models based on k-nearest neighbour (KNN) and decision tree (DT) are described.
ASSESSING THE EFFECTS OF SPATIAL INTERPOLATION OF RAINFALL ON THE STREAMFLOW ...civej
Precipitation within a river basin varies spatially and temporally and hence, is the most relevant input for
hydrologic modelling. Various interpolation methods exist to distribute rainfall spatially within a basin.
The sparse distribution of raingauge stations within a river basin and the differences in interpolation
methods can potentially impact the streamflow simulated using a hydrologic model. The present study
focuses on assessing the effect of spatial interpolation of rainfall using Theissen polygon, Inverse distance
weighted (IDW) method and Ordinary Kriging on the streamflow simulated using a physically based
spatially distributed model-SHETRAN in Vamanapuram river basin in Southern Kerala, India. The
SHETRAN model in the present study utilises rainfall data from the available rain gauge stations within the
basin and potential evapo-transpiration calculated using Penman-Monteith method, along with other input
parameters like soil and landuse. Four years of rainfall and evapo-transpiration data on a daily scale is
used for model calibration and one year data for validation. The performance of the different spatial
interpolation methods were assessed based on the Mean Annual flow and statistical parameters like NashSutcliffe
Efficiency, coefficient of determination. The ordinary kriging and IDW methods were found to be
satisfactory in the spatial interpolation of rainfall.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Using Remote Sensing Techniques For Monitoring Ecological Changes In Lakes: C...IJERA Editor
The ability to use remote sensing in studying lake ecology lies in the capability of satellite sensors to measure
the spectral reflectance of constituents in water bodies. This reflectance can be used to determine the
concentration of the constituents of the water column through mathematical relationships. This work identified a
simple linear equation for estimating suspended matter in Lake Naivasha with reflectance in Landsat7 ETM+
image. A R² = 0.94, n = 6 for suspended matter was obtained. Archive of Landsat imagery was used to
produce maps of suspended matter concentrations in the lake. The suspended matter concentrations at five
different locations in the lake over 30 year’s period were then estimated. It was therefore concluded that the
ecological changes Lake Naivasha is experiencing is the result of the high water abstraction and the effect of
climate change.
Using Remote Sensing Techniques For Monitoring Ecological Changes In Lakes: C...IJERA Editor
The ability to use remote sensing in studying lake ecology lies in the capability of satellite sensors to measure
the spectral reflectance of constituents in water bodies. This reflectance can be used to determine the
concentration of the constituents of the water column through mathematical relationships. This work identified a
simple linear equation for estimating suspended matter in Lake Naivasha with reflectance in Landsat7 ETM+
image. A R² = 0.94, n = 6 for suspended matter was obtained. Archive of Landsat imagery was used to
produce maps of suspended matter concentrations in the lake. The suspended matter concentrations at five
different locations in the lake over 30 year’s period were then estimated. It was therefore concluded that the
ecological changes Lake Naivasha is experiencing is the result of the high water abstraction and the effect of
climate change.
Graphical User Interface for Benthic MappingIDES Editor
A Graphical User Interface (GUI) was developed for
a user-friendly implementation of a water depth correction
model. The Interactive Data Language (IDL)-based tool
provides the prospective users with an interface that can be
applied to perform water depth correction on hyperspectral
images that contain shallow water bodies containing benthic
habitat information. Users can select a pixel or a subset of a
hyperspectral image to be corrected and define water
correction for water depths of 0-2.0 m and for turbidity values
of 0-20 NTU (Nephalometric Turbidity Unit) using the GUI.
The results demonstrate that the GUI is an effective benthic
mapping tool for shallow littoral areas; and it can be
incorporated as a module in currently available commercial
image processing software.
ESTIMATION OF DEPTH OF RIVER BY BATHYMETRY OF SATELLITE IMAGESIRJET Journal
This document discusses using satellite imagery to estimate the depth of rivers. It outlines previous work using machine learning techniques like random forest and deep learning to process satellite images and generate bathymetry maps. The methodology section describes preprocessing steps like separating land and water pixels and correcting for light attenuation through the water column. It then explains Lyzenga's method for creating depth-invariant indices using ratios between spectral bands to estimate river depth without requiring water depth measurements. Results found combining high-resolution multispectral imagery with machine learning can generate accurate topographical maps for bathymetry. Future work involves applying these deep learning techniques to real satellite data and improving accuracy.
IRJET- Hydrodynamic Integrated Modelling of Basic Water Quality and Nutrient ...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study that developed a 1D integrated water quality and pollutant transport model for the Swarna River in Udupi district, Karnataka, India. Water quality parameters like dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, nutrients, and others were measured at sampling points along a 2km stretch of the river. A finite difference method was used to discretize and solve the advection-diffusion equation governing pollutant transport in the river. The river was divided into grids and reaction-transport processes like advection, dispersion, and sources/sinks were modeled. The study aims to assess current water management practices and effectiveness in the Swarna River basin through dynamic water quality modeling.
Analysis of Water Quality Index for Groundwater in Gudur Mandal, SPSR Nellore...IJERA Editor
This document summarizes a study analyzing the spatial variability of groundwater quality in Gudur Mandal, SPSR Nellore District, India. 280 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for parameters like pH, TDS, hardness, chlorides, sulfates, nitrates and fluorides. Spatial interpolation using Inverse Distance Weighted technique was used to generate maps showing variation in parameter levels across locations. Regression models correlating TDS with other parameters were developed. A water quality index integrating parameter values was computed to classify water suitability. The study aims to assess groundwater quality and identify zones based on suitability for domestic use.
Adequate knowledge about the hydrology is very much required for the proper planning and management of water resources in an area. Rainfall and runoff are the important constituents in determining the hydrology of an area to determine the water management strategies. SCS- CN method is a widely used method for the calculation of surface runoff considering the land use pattern, soil type and antecedent moisture condition. In the present study runoff of the Palar watershed, Karnataka state, South India has been calculated using the SCS-CN method. The watershed consists of a total area of 2872.357 km2. The maximum rainfall of 1231.67 mm in the year 2005 and a minimum of 418.7 mm in the year 2003. The average annual runoff is calculated as 218.26 mm and 626.91MCM. The rainfall- runoff correlation value is 0.8253. The study results can be effectively coordinated for the watershed management activities.
Identification of Groundwater Potential Survey Using QGIS of DBATU campus, Ma...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used GIS tools to identify potential groundwater zones on the campus of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University in Maharashtra, India. The researchers created various thematic maps of the study area using data on geomorphology, land use/land cover, drainage density, slope, and vectors. Electrical resistivity tests were conducted at three points on campus to determine subsurface rock and water conditions. Point 1 found water-bearing weathered rock from 1-23 meters. Point 2 found water-bearing weathered and fractured rock from 4-26 meters. Point 3 detected only hard, impermeable rock with no water. The study aims to identify suitable locations for future construction
DUAL-CHANNEL MODEL FOR SHALLOW WATER DEPTH RETRIEVAL FROM WORLDVIEW-3 IMAGERY...Luhur Moekti Prayogo
This research aims to estimate shallow water depth using Worldview 3 satellite imagery and dual-channel models in Karimunjawa waters, Central Java – Indonesia. To build dual-channel models, we used spectral data that had been validated in the field. Twenty-three depth data were recorded synchronous to the spectral data used in forming the semianalytical dual-channel models. Twelve models were tested using 633 depth data with a non-linear model using multiple polynomial regression analysis degrees 1 and 2. This research has shown that the proposed model has been confirmed to improve depth accuracy. Models using blue and green channels of Worldview 3 image result in good accuracies especially for estimating depths with interval from 5 to 20 meters with RMSE of 1,592 meters (5–10 meters), 2,099 meters (10–15 meters), and 1,239 meters (15–20 meters). The wavelengths of two channels have a low absorption rate to penetrate deeper waters than other wavelengths. The research also finds out that there are still models that meet the IHO standard criteria.
The Development of a Catchment Management Modelling System for the Googong Re...GavanThomas
A scenario assessment model to assist the end-user in determining priorities for a series of agreed management prescriptions that can be enacted through controls on existing landuse
The document analyzes water eutrophication in the Sulejow Reservoir in Poland using coupled CFD and WASP models. A 3D CFD model was developed to simulate hydrodynamics, which was then verified with field measurements. The WASP model was used to simulate nutrient transport and cycling factors like phytoplankton growth, considering hydrodynamics from the CFD model. The results showed proper correlation between measured and calculated values, indicating the models realistically captured the distribution of temperatures, velocities and nutrient concentrations contributing to eutrophication in the reservoir. The methodology can be applied to other reservoir systems to analyze ecological status.
HYDROLOGICAL AND WATER QUALITY MODELLING USING SWAT FOR DONI RIVERIRJET Journal
This document describes using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model to simulate hydrological and water quality parameters of the Doni River Basin in India over a 20-year period from 1998-2018. The key points are:
- The basin was divided into 7 sub-basins and 15 hydrologic response units. Land use is mainly agricultural (over 85% coverage).
- Model calibration and validation at a gauging site showed good performance, with Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency values of 0.71 for calibration and 0.78 for validation.
- Modeling results found average annual evapotranspiration of 195 mm and potential evapotranspiration of 402mm. Sediment yield
How To Write Dialogue A Master List Of Grammar TechniquesDereck Downing
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Writing Paper Service Educational Blog Secrets To Writing Blog EvenDereck Downing
The document provides instructions for creating an account on the HelpWriting.net site to request writing assistance, including completing an order form with instructions and sources. Writers will bid on the request and their qualifications will be reviewed to select one for the assignment. The customer can then review and approve the work or request revisions until satisfied.
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IRJET - Groundwater Quality Analysis using GISIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that analyzed groundwater quality in Guruvayur, Kerala, India using GIS. Water samples from 7 locations were collected and tested for parameters like pH, TDS, EC, alkalinity and chloride. Spatial distribution maps of these parameters were generated using GIS which showed higher contaminant levels in coastal areas likely due to saltwater intrusion. An overall water quality index was also calculated for each sample. While sample quality was within permissible limits, the study concluded groundwater quality management could be improved through measures like well covers and rainwater harvesting to recharge aquifers. GIS provided an effective method to analyze and map groundwater quality across the study area.
IRJET - Prediction of Ground Water Level based on Machine LearningIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses using machine learning algorithms to predict groundwater levels based on factors like rainfall, temperature, and humidity.
2) Models were developed using statistical analysis, random forests, logistic regression, and decision trees to predict daily, weekly and monthly groundwater levels.
3) Field surveys were conducted to collect groundwater level data from observation wells over time. Factor analysis was used to analyze correlations between input parameters and develop predictive models.
Remote sensing data driven bathing water quality assessment using sentinel-3nooriasukmaningtyas
In this paper we are investigating the possibility of usage of remote sensing satellite data, more precisely sentinel-3 OLCI and SLSTR data, for assessment of bathing water quality. In this research we used data driven approach and analysis of data in order to pinpoint aspects of remote sensing data that can be useful for bathing water quality assessment. For this purpose we collected satellite images for period from start of June till end of September of 2019 and results of in-situ measurement for the same period . Results of in-situ measurement were correlated with satellite images bands and analyzed. We propose a simple method for rapid assessment of possible deterioration of bathing water quality to be used by public health authorities for better planning of in situ measurements. Results of implementation of predictive models based on k-nearest neighbour (KNN) and decision tree (DT) are described.
ASSESSING THE EFFECTS OF SPATIAL INTERPOLATION OF RAINFALL ON THE STREAMFLOW ...civej
Precipitation within a river basin varies spatially and temporally and hence, is the most relevant input for
hydrologic modelling. Various interpolation methods exist to distribute rainfall spatially within a basin.
The sparse distribution of raingauge stations within a river basin and the differences in interpolation
methods can potentially impact the streamflow simulated using a hydrologic model. The present study
focuses on assessing the effect of spatial interpolation of rainfall using Theissen polygon, Inverse distance
weighted (IDW) method and Ordinary Kriging on the streamflow simulated using a physically based
spatially distributed model-SHETRAN in Vamanapuram river basin in Southern Kerala, India. The
SHETRAN model in the present study utilises rainfall data from the available rain gauge stations within the
basin and potential evapo-transpiration calculated using Penman-Monteith method, along with other input
parameters like soil and landuse. Four years of rainfall and evapo-transpiration data on a daily scale is
used for model calibration and one year data for validation. The performance of the different spatial
interpolation methods were assessed based on the Mean Annual flow and statistical parameters like NashSutcliffe
Efficiency, coefficient of determination. The ordinary kriging and IDW methods were found to be
satisfactory in the spatial interpolation of rainfall.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Using Remote Sensing Techniques For Monitoring Ecological Changes In Lakes: C...IJERA Editor
The ability to use remote sensing in studying lake ecology lies in the capability of satellite sensors to measure
the spectral reflectance of constituents in water bodies. This reflectance can be used to determine the
concentration of the constituents of the water column through mathematical relationships. This work identified a
simple linear equation for estimating suspended matter in Lake Naivasha with reflectance in Landsat7 ETM+
image. A R² = 0.94, n = 6 for suspended matter was obtained. Archive of Landsat imagery was used to
produce maps of suspended matter concentrations in the lake. The suspended matter concentrations at five
different locations in the lake over 30 year’s period were then estimated. It was therefore concluded that the
ecological changes Lake Naivasha is experiencing is the result of the high water abstraction and the effect of
climate change.
Using Remote Sensing Techniques For Monitoring Ecological Changes In Lakes: C...IJERA Editor
The ability to use remote sensing in studying lake ecology lies in the capability of satellite sensors to measure
the spectral reflectance of constituents in water bodies. This reflectance can be used to determine the
concentration of the constituents of the water column through mathematical relationships. This work identified a
simple linear equation for estimating suspended matter in Lake Naivasha with reflectance in Landsat7 ETM+
image. A R² = 0.94, n = 6 for suspended matter was obtained. Archive of Landsat imagery was used to
produce maps of suspended matter concentrations in the lake. The suspended matter concentrations at five
different locations in the lake over 30 year’s period were then estimated. It was therefore concluded that the
ecological changes Lake Naivasha is experiencing is the result of the high water abstraction and the effect of
climate change.
Graphical User Interface for Benthic MappingIDES Editor
A Graphical User Interface (GUI) was developed for
a user-friendly implementation of a water depth correction
model. The Interactive Data Language (IDL)-based tool
provides the prospective users with an interface that can be
applied to perform water depth correction on hyperspectral
images that contain shallow water bodies containing benthic
habitat information. Users can select a pixel or a subset of a
hyperspectral image to be corrected and define water
correction for water depths of 0-2.0 m and for turbidity values
of 0-20 NTU (Nephalometric Turbidity Unit) using the GUI.
The results demonstrate that the GUI is an effective benthic
mapping tool for shallow littoral areas; and it can be
incorporated as a module in currently available commercial
image processing software.
ESTIMATION OF DEPTH OF RIVER BY BATHYMETRY OF SATELLITE IMAGESIRJET Journal
This document discusses using satellite imagery to estimate the depth of rivers. It outlines previous work using machine learning techniques like random forest and deep learning to process satellite images and generate bathymetry maps. The methodology section describes preprocessing steps like separating land and water pixels and correcting for light attenuation through the water column. It then explains Lyzenga's method for creating depth-invariant indices using ratios between spectral bands to estimate river depth without requiring water depth measurements. Results found combining high-resolution multispectral imagery with machine learning can generate accurate topographical maps for bathymetry. Future work involves applying these deep learning techniques to real satellite data and improving accuracy.
IRJET- Hydrodynamic Integrated Modelling of Basic Water Quality and Nutrient ...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study that developed a 1D integrated water quality and pollutant transport model for the Swarna River in Udupi district, Karnataka, India. Water quality parameters like dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, nutrients, and others were measured at sampling points along a 2km stretch of the river. A finite difference method was used to discretize and solve the advection-diffusion equation governing pollutant transport in the river. The river was divided into grids and reaction-transport processes like advection, dispersion, and sources/sinks were modeled. The study aims to assess current water management practices and effectiveness in the Swarna River basin through dynamic water quality modeling.
Analysis of Water Quality Index for Groundwater in Gudur Mandal, SPSR Nellore...IJERA Editor
This document summarizes a study analyzing the spatial variability of groundwater quality in Gudur Mandal, SPSR Nellore District, India. 280 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for parameters like pH, TDS, hardness, chlorides, sulfates, nitrates and fluorides. Spatial interpolation using Inverse Distance Weighted technique was used to generate maps showing variation in parameter levels across locations. Regression models correlating TDS with other parameters were developed. A water quality index integrating parameter values was computed to classify water suitability. The study aims to assess groundwater quality and identify zones based on suitability for domestic use.
Adequate knowledge about the hydrology is very much required for the proper planning and management of water resources in an area. Rainfall and runoff are the important constituents in determining the hydrology of an area to determine the water management strategies. SCS- CN method is a widely used method for the calculation of surface runoff considering the land use pattern, soil type and antecedent moisture condition. In the present study runoff of the Palar watershed, Karnataka state, South India has been calculated using the SCS-CN method. The watershed consists of a total area of 2872.357 km2. The maximum rainfall of 1231.67 mm in the year 2005 and a minimum of 418.7 mm in the year 2003. The average annual runoff is calculated as 218.26 mm and 626.91MCM. The rainfall- runoff correlation value is 0.8253. The study results can be effectively coordinated for the watershed management activities.
Identification of Groundwater Potential Survey Using QGIS of DBATU campus, Ma...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used GIS tools to identify potential groundwater zones on the campus of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University in Maharashtra, India. The researchers created various thematic maps of the study area using data on geomorphology, land use/land cover, drainage density, slope, and vectors. Electrical resistivity tests were conducted at three points on campus to determine subsurface rock and water conditions. Point 1 found water-bearing weathered rock from 1-23 meters. Point 2 found water-bearing weathered and fractured rock from 4-26 meters. Point 3 detected only hard, impermeable rock with no water. The study aims to identify suitable locations for future construction
DUAL-CHANNEL MODEL FOR SHALLOW WATER DEPTH RETRIEVAL FROM WORLDVIEW-3 IMAGERY...Luhur Moekti Prayogo
This research aims to estimate shallow water depth using Worldview 3 satellite imagery and dual-channel models in Karimunjawa waters, Central Java – Indonesia. To build dual-channel models, we used spectral data that had been validated in the field. Twenty-three depth data were recorded synchronous to the spectral data used in forming the semianalytical dual-channel models. Twelve models were tested using 633 depth data with a non-linear model using multiple polynomial regression analysis degrees 1 and 2. This research has shown that the proposed model has been confirmed to improve depth accuracy. Models using blue and green channels of Worldview 3 image result in good accuracies especially for estimating depths with interval from 5 to 20 meters with RMSE of 1,592 meters (5–10 meters), 2,099 meters (10–15 meters), and 1,239 meters (15–20 meters). The wavelengths of two channels have a low absorption rate to penetrate deeper waters than other wavelengths. The research also finds out that there are still models that meet the IHO standard criteria.
The Development of a Catchment Management Modelling System for the Googong Re...GavanThomas
A scenario assessment model to assist the end-user in determining priorities for a series of agreed management prescriptions that can be enacted through controls on existing landuse
The document analyzes water eutrophication in the Sulejow Reservoir in Poland using coupled CFD and WASP models. A 3D CFD model was developed to simulate hydrodynamics, which was then verified with field measurements. The WASP model was used to simulate nutrient transport and cycling factors like phytoplankton growth, considering hydrodynamics from the CFD model. The results showed proper correlation between measured and calculated values, indicating the models realistically captured the distribution of temperatures, velocities and nutrient concentrations contributing to eutrophication in the reservoir. The methodology can be applied to other reservoir systems to analyze ecological status.
HYDROLOGICAL AND WATER QUALITY MODELLING USING SWAT FOR DONI RIVERIRJET Journal
This document describes using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model to simulate hydrological and water quality parameters of the Doni River Basin in India over a 20-year period from 1998-2018. The key points are:
- The basin was divided into 7 sub-basins and 15 hydrologic response units. Land use is mainly agricultural (over 85% coverage).
- Model calibration and validation at a gauging site showed good performance, with Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency values of 0.71 for calibration and 0.78 for validation.
- Modeling results found average annual evapotranspiration of 195 mm and potential evapotranspiration of 402mm. Sediment yield
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How To Write Dialogue A Master List Of Grammar TechniquesDereck Downing
This document provides instructions for using the HelpWriting.net service to have papers written. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with valid email and password. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if pleased. 5) Request revisions until fully satisfied, with a refund option for plagiarized work.
Writing Paper Service Educational Blog Secrets To Writing Blog EvenDereck Downing
The document provides instructions for creating an account on the HelpWriting.net site to request writing assistance, including completing an order form with instructions and sources. Writers will bid on the request and their qualifications will be reviewed to select one for the assignment. The customer can then review and approve the work or request revisions until satisfied.
1. The document discusses a case study about the Russian ice cream company Ice Fili.
2. It provides context on the Russian ice cream industry, noting opportunities for domestic producers after the 1998 financial crisis.
3. The analysis examines Ice Fili's external environment, including industry competitors and the threat of new market entrants.
Best Nursing Essay Writing Services - Essay Help OnlineDereck Downing
The document provides instructions for getting essay writing help from HelpWriting.net in 5 steps:
1. Create an account with a password and email.
2. Complete a 10-minute order form with instructions, sources, and deadline.
3. Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications.
4. Review the paper and authorize payment if pleased, or request revisions.
5. Papers can be revised until satisfaction is met, and refunds are offered for plagiarized work. HelpWriting.net aims to meet all customer needs.
The Federalist Papers By Alexander Hamilton OverDereck Downing
Here are the key points to consider in your situation analysis for Nirvana Pro Cleaning Services:
- Product/Services: High quality residential and commercial cleaning services including laundry, bag and shoe cleaning.
- Current Market: The cleaning services market is competitive with many established players. Customers value quality, reliability and affordability.
- Target Customers: Busy professionals, families, small businesses who need regular cleaning but lack time. Customers willing to pay a premium for high quality service.
- Customer Needs: Convenient scheduling, thorough cleaning, attention to detail. Customers want cleaning done right the first time to save time and hassles.
- Competition: Other cleaning services vary in quality, reliability
This document describes an experiment to investigate the effect of surface area on the rate of a catalyzed reaction using the enzyme catalase. Catalase is an enzyme found in living cells that speeds up the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. The experiment will involve measuring the time taken for catalase to breakdown hydrogen peroxide at different surface areas of a catalase solution. Controls and repeated trials will help ensure accuracy and reliability of the results. Factors like temperature will be kept consistent to avoid their confounding effects on the reaction rate.
- The document discusses the development of a frequent shopper program (FSP) for Kudler Fine Foods.
- It describes the strategic purpose of the FSP and outlines how Smith Systems Consulting will provide IT services and consulting to develop the program.
- The program will track customer purchasing histories and allow customers to accumulate redeemable loyalty points that can be used for gifts or services from partner companies.
The document discusses the origins of simple belonging systems, noting that ancient Babylonians adopted the decimal system of mathematics from another early civilization, and that in 498 AD the Indian mathematician Aryabhatta introduced the modern ten-based decimal value system when he stated "place to place in ten times in value," which may have been the origin of using ten numbers with the Hindu decimal zero.
Third Person Narrative Essay - First, Second, And Third-Person PointsDereck Downing
The document provides instructions for students to request writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Receive the paper and authorize payment if pleased. 5) Request revisions until satisfied, with a refund option for plagiarized work. The document encourages choosing HelpWriting.net for original, high-quality content.
The film uses lighting in unconventional ways to create a surreal atmosphere and heighten the sense of unease, often employing low-key lighting styles and harsh contrasts between light and shadow to reflect the psychological disorientation and moral ambiguity of the Vietnam War. Scenes set at night or in remote jungle areas rely heavily on low-light filming techniques to build suspense and isolate characters in darkness.
The document provides instructions for requesting a paper writing service from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with valid email and password. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, deadline, and sample work. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Receive the paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with the option of a full refund for plagiarized work. The service aims to provide original, high-quality content through this process.
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1. The document provides instructions for requesting an online essay writing service from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: create an account, complete an order form providing instructions and deadline, choose a writer based on bids, review the completed paper, and request revisions if needed.
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This document discusses a target market for a proposed bioluminescent jellyfish daywear dress collection. The target market is petite fashion-forward women ages 18-30, who are part of Generation Y. This demographic buys clothing to fit in with peers and have an identity. They are adept with technology and social media. The target market trusts socially responsible companies and lives in Toronto, Canada in apartments over 5 stories. Most have a post-secondary education.
Good Introductions For Research Papers. How ToDereck Downing
This document outlines a 5-step process for getting writing help from the HelpWriting.net website. It explains how to create an account, submit a request with instructions and deadline, review bids from writers, choose a writer and make a deposit, and authorize payment after reviewing the completed paper. It notes that the site uses a bidding system and offers free revisions to ensure customer satisfaction.
This document provides instructions for getting writing help from the website HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with an email and password. 2) Complete an order form with instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions until satisfied. The website promises original, high-quality content and refunds for plagiarized work.
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The document discusses the steps to request writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It outlines the 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email, 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline, 3) Review writer bids and choose one based on qualifications, 4) Receive the paper and authorize payment if pleased, and 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with a refund offered for plagiarized work. The process aims to match clients with qualified writers and provide original, high-quality content through revisions.
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This document discusses the diversity and importance of soil invertebrates. It notes that soil invertebrates like arthropods and nematodes provide key ecosystem services such as nutrient recycling, soil structure formation, and decomposition. Common soil invertebrates that help with these processes include ants, dung beetles, earthworms, and slugs. Invertebrates as a whole may constitute up to 23% of the world's biodiversity. Their roles in seed dispersal and pollination are particularly important for food production and nutrient cycling. Without soil invertebrates, plant species would be more vulnerable to extinction.
This document discusses three different portrayals of climate change: The Day After Tomorrow, An Inconvenient Truth, and Field Notes from a Catastrophe.
The Day After Tomorrow uses sensationalist techniques like an instantly induced ice age and action scenes to portray climate change, sacrificing credibility. An Inconvenient Truth uses Al Gore's presentation style and graphics to persuade viewers factually about climate change. Field Notes from a Catastrophe uses first-hand observations to realistically portray the impacts already occurring from climate change.
24/7 Intouch Contact Centre is an award-winning call center that started as a small telephone services company. It provides customer service, sales, and other contact center services to small, mid-size, and enterprise businesses. Some of its clients include Lyft, Sephora, and Le Chateau. The company aims to provide positive customer experiences and uses technology to improve efficiency. It has locations in Canada, the US, Guatemala, and is opening a new branch in the Philippines.
The document discusses the origins and development of New Orleans jazz music. It states that jazz originated in New Orleans in the late 19th century as a fusion of African and European musical traditions. Music was deeply ingrained in the culture of New Orleans and played at social events like funerals. Early New Orleans jazz was played by brass bands and incorporated collective improvisation. In the early 20th century, jazz began to spread to other cities as musicians migrated. New Orleans jazz styles like Dixieland jazz remained popular and influenced the development of later jazz styles.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.