The promises of autonomous cars Evolution towards full automation Levels of autonomous driving Autonomous car potential Connectivity and communication 5G opportunities Strategies and roadmap Announcements regarding availability

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Executive Club
Autonomous
Cars

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The promises of autonomous cars

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Autonomous cars – evolution towards full automation
> Levels of autonomous driving
Autonomous driving levels

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Autonomous car potential
> Increased convenience
> Safety : 94% of main causes for accidents are driver related
Driver related errors breakdown
Source: IDATE, based on the National Motor Vehicle Crash Causation Survey from the NHTSA, 2015
Causes of stress and anxiety in the car
Notes: In Philippines
Source: Ford, 2015
39% 31% 10% 7% 7%
Recognition Decision Performance Non-performance Other

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Sensors at the heart of the autonomous vehicle
> No single sensor type can work for all tasks and in all conditions
> Deep learning plays an essential role in training autonomous cars
Multiple sensors work together for autonomous driving
Source: Texas Instruments, WCP

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Connectivity and communication
V2X basics

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Connectivity and communication - V2V, V2I, V2X
> V2X : bidirectional communication between vehicles and other equipment
Source: 5G Americas

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Connectivity and communication – Scenarios
> Safety systems using V2V communications could prevent 76% of
crashes on the road ( Source : USDOT)
Main scenarios where V2V can prevent accidents
Source: NHSTA

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Connectivity and communication
ITS-G5 VS Cellular V2X

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In Europe, two technologies compete for the future of V2V/V2I
> ITS-G5 promoted by CAR 2 CAR
> C-V2X promoted by 5GAA
Partners of the CAR 2 CAR Communication Consortium
Source: Car 2 Car
Members of the 5GAA

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ITS G5 basics
> ITS G5 is derived from the standard IEEE 802.11
 Also known as Wireless LAN
 frequencies in the 5.9 GHz
> Automatic connection and creation of an ad hoc network when two or
more vehicles at range
 All ITS stations know the position, speed and direction of the other stations and will be able to
provide warnings and information.
> Range limited to a few hundred meters …
>…but every vehicle is also a router
 It allows sending messages over multi-hop to farther vehicles and ITS stations.
> Limited to V2V/V2I/V2P applications

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Cellular V2X (C-V2X) basics
> Two complementary transmission modes using C-V2X
Network communicationsDirect communications
Independent of cellular networks
ITS Band (5.9 GHz)
Similar but different from ITS-G5
No sim needed
Traditional mobile broadband
Licensed Spectrum
Partnerships with MNOs.
Can coexist with ITS-G5, using different channels in the ITS band

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The future of C-V2X
> Main expectations for 5G are in developing advanced
autonomous car behaviours
3GPP V2X phase 1
Rel-14 (2017)
Basic set of requirements for V2X service
3GPP V2X phase 2
Rel-15 (2018)
New features, including latency reduction
3GPP V2X phase 3 (“eV2X services”)
Rel-16 (end of 2019)
Advanced services
-Advanced Driving
-Vehicle Platooning
-Extended Sensors
-Remote Driving
4G/LTE
Release 14
Phase 1
Release 15
Phase 2
5G
Release 16
Phase 3

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Delegated act : a draft not technology neutral
> The European Commission, plans to propose legislation regarding
C-ITS by the end of the year
> There are concerns that the current proposal would lead to a “lock-
in” of ITS-G5 as the de-facto central communications V2X
technology…
> …hindering the development of C-V2X in Europe

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Strategies and roadmap

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Dilemma between gradual automation or leapfrog
> Disagreements among automakers regarding technology and the
overall strategy for introducing autonomous driving
 Some players are arguing that safety is a concern with level 3 cars, and that the
industry should “leapfrog” directly to higher levels
 Some are aiming at developing level 5 cars without V2X
> … while some majors players
are planning for fully self-driving
directly
> Level 3 cars are already
available for some …

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Some announcements regarding availability
Thousands of minivans (Chrysler) ordered
for Waymo’s self-driving ride hailing
service
Thousands of electric SUVs (Jaguar) also
ordered in 03/2018
GM’s cruise fleet service aims “at scale”
deployment
Aims for fully self-
driving capabilities
Mass production
of self-driving cars
2018
2019
2020
2021

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Some highlights in other countries
“From the beginning of 2019, we will have the legislative framework authorising
level 4 experiments.
By 2022, a regulatory framework will be put in place to allow autonomous vehicles
to circulate.”
Source: French President
National guidelines for testing self-driving cars laid out in April 2018
Source: National Development and Reform Commission 01/2018.
Public launch of a self-driving car system scheduled for the 2020 Olympics in Tokyo
Source: Japanese Prime Minister

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Challenges

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Uncertainties regarding the development of autonomous vehicles
> Reliability in all conditions
-Complex driving environments, inclement weather, hacking risk
> Opposition from workers of certain industries
> Poorly defined regulation
> Consumer aversion to driverless vehicles
Public is more worried than enthusiastic about self-driving vehicles
Source: Automation in Everyday Life, Pew Center, October 2017

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Contact
Antoine
KLIFA
Consultant, pôle Innovation
a.klifa@idate.orgAcheter l’étude : Autonomous cars