5. Demography is the study of human
populations – their size, composition and
distribution across space – and the process
through which populations change. Births,
deaths and migration are the 'big three'
of demography, jointly producing population
stability or change.
6. The Demographic Transition
The process of economic development—of
industrialization and the accumulation of
wealth on a per capita basis—brings about
a change in birthrates and death rates that
follows a fairly universal pattern called the
demographic transition
7. Stages of Demographic Transition
First Stage: High Birth Rate And High Death Rate
Second Stage: High Birth Rate And Declining Death Rate
Third Stage: Declining Birth Rate And Low Death Rate
Fourth Stage: Low Birth Rate And Low Death Rate
Fifth Stage: Birth Rate And Death Rate Very And Almost
Equal
42. Population Policies
One Child & Two-child
Contraceptives and abortions are free.
Live in Relations
Polygamy Vs Monogamy
Lesbians
Pronatalist
Sex Education
Feminism
45. Migration
Movement from one part of something to
another. Migration from poor to richer states.
Millions of people from the global South have
crossed international borders, often illegally, to
reach the North.
46. Migration
Millions of people from the global
South have crossed international
borders,
often illegally, to reach the North.
53. Benefits and losses
It create complex pattern of winner
and losers
Immigrants provide cheap labour
Benefits the host economy overall
Compete for jobs with poor citizens
of the host country
54. Role of States
Industrialized states try to limit immigration
State fear from integration, because it became difficult to
keep out illegal immigrants.
State debate how to handle the influx of migrants
Illegal immigration claim to be refugees in order to be
allowed to stay.
Terrorism and Islam-o-phobia
58. Treatment with refugees
Accepted by other states as per international
norms. They are kept in or housed in
refugee camps until they can return home.
Refugees from war or natural disasters are
housed in refugee camps
Refugees of political persecution are given
asylum to stay in the new state
59. Problems faced by Refugees
Die in boat fleeing
Suffered at the hands of smugglers/
pirates
Leave them abandoned as illegal
immigrants
60. Statistics
2014
15 million worldwide
30 million IDPs
5 million Palestinian fall under UNRWA
2015
3 million refugees in Turkey, Lebanon, Iraq and Jordan
6.5 million IDPs
63. Remittances
Money sent home by migrant
workers to individuals (usually
relatives) in their country of
origin.
64.
65. Remittances
Unlike FDI, remittances are not transferred between companies or
wealthy individuals, but usually between families
In 2012, worldwide remittances surpassed half a trillion dollars
In 2014, worldwide remittances near $600 billion
Help poor states such as Philippines & Bangladesh improving their
investment ratings.
Remittances also increase dependency of poor states on wealthy
ones.
66. Should wealthy states close their borders
or expel migrant populations?
No. this would create hardship for
individual families as well as the
economies of the developing
countries.
68. Trafficking
In addition to migration and refugees, a
growing number of people—estimated at
about 700,000 annually—are trafficked
across international borders against
their will.
69. Trafficking
They include both sex slaves and labor slaves
20,000 of these people are trafficked to US
In 2010, the U.S. State Department listed 13 countries making
insufficient efforts to stop human trafficking
In 2014, worldwide remittances near $600 billion
Help poor states such as Philippines & Bangladesh improving their
investment ratings.
Remittances also increase dependency of poor states on wealthy
ones.
70.
71. Some Migrations
1. Chechnya to Central Asia
2. India-Pakistan-India
3. China to Taiwan
4. Caribbean to UK
5. Turkey to Germany
6. West Africa to UK
7. Afghanistan to Pakistan
73. Definition
Disorder of structure or function in a
human, animal, or plant, especially one
that produces specific symptoms or that
affects a specific location and is not
simply a direct result of physical injury.
74. 1. Infectious diseases
2. Deficiency diseases
3. Hereditary diseases (including both genetic
diseases and non-genetic hereditary diseases)
4. Physiological diseases.
Diseases can also be classified in other ways, such as
1. Communicable versus
2. Non-communicable diseases.
Types of Diseases There are four
main types of disease:
78. Progression to AIDS
HIV typically turns into AIDS in about 8 to 10
years. When AIDS occurs, your immune system
has been severely damaged.
79. The signs and symptoms of AIDS
Sweats
Chills
Recurring fever
Chronic diarrhea
Swollen lymph
glands
Persistent white
spots or unusual
lesions on your
tongue or in your
mouth
Persistent,
unexplained fatigue
Weakness
Weight loss
Skin rashes or
bumps
80. Causes: How HIV spreads
Sex
Sharing Needles
Blood Transfusion
Pregnancy
Delivery
Breast Feeding
81. HIV/AIDS: Prevention
1. Use treatment as prevention (TasP).
2. Use post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) if you've been exposed
to HIV
3. Use a new condom every time you have sex.
4. Consider preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP).
5. Tell your sexual partners if you have HIV
6. Use a clean needle.
7. If you're pregnant, get medical care right away
8. Consider male circumcision.
83. HIV/AIDS
Cancer refers to any one of a large number of
diseases characterized by the development of
abnormal cells that divide uncontrollably and
have the ability to infiltrate and destroy normal
body tissue.
84. The signs and symptoms of CANCER
1. Fatigue
2. Lump or area of thickening
that can be felt under the skin
3. Weight changes, including
unintended loss or gain
4. Skin changes, such as
yellowing, darkening or
redness of the skin, sores that
won't heal, or changes to
existing moles
5. Changes in bowel or bladder
habits
6. Persistent cough or trouble
breathing
7. Difficulty swallowing
8. Hoarseness
9. Persistent indigestion or
discomfort after eating
10. Persistent, unexplained muscle
or joint pain
11. Persistent, unexplained fevers
or night sweats
12. Unexplained bleeding or
bruising
85. Causes: How HIV spreads
Cancer is caused by changes (mutations)
to the DNA within cells.
86. CANCER: Prevention
Stop smoking.
Avoid excessive sun exposure.
Eat a healthy diet.
Exercise most days of the week.
Maintain a healthy weight.
Drink alcohol in moderation, if you choose to drink.
Schedule cancer screening exams.
Ask your doctor about immunizations.
88. Coronavirus
Coronaviruses are a family of viruses that can
cause illnesses such as the common cold,
severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and
Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS).
90. Early symptoms of COVID-19
1. Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
2. Muscle aches
3. Chills
4. Sore throat
5. Runny nose
6. Headache
7. Chest pain
91. The risk of serious illness from COVID-
19 include:
1. Serious heart diseases, such as heart failure, coronary artery
disease or cardiomyopathy
2. Cancer
3. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
4. Type 2 diabetes
5. Severe obesity
6. Chronic kidney disease
7. Cell disease
8. Weakened immune system from solid organ transplants
92. Other conditions may increase the risk of
serious illness, such as:
1. Asthma
2. Liver disease
3. Chronic lung diseases such as cystic fibrosis
4. Brain and nervous system conditions
5. Weakened immune system from bone marrow transplant, HIV or some
medications
6. Type 1 diabetes
7. High blood pressure
93. Prevention
1. Avoid large events and mass gatherings.
2. Avoid close contact (within about 6 feet, or 2 meters) with anyone who is
sick or has symptoms.
3. Stay home as much as possible and keep distance between yourself and
others (within about 6 feet, or 2 meters), especially if you have a higher risk
of serious illness. Keep in mind some people may have COVID-19 and
spread it to others, even if they don't have symptoms or don't know they
have COVID-19.
4. Wash your hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, or use
an alcohol-based hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% alcohol.
5. Cover your face with a cloth face mask in public spaces, such as the grocery
store, where it's difficult to avoid close contact with others, especially if you're
in an area with ongoing community spread. Only use nonmedical cloth
masks — surgical masks and N95 respirators should be reserved for health
care providers.
94. Prevention
1. Cover your mouth and nose with your elbow or a tissue when
you cough or sneeze. Throw away the used tissue. Wash your
hands right away.
2. Avoid touching your eyes, nose and mouth.
3. Avoid sharing dishes, glasses, towels, bedding and other
household items if you're sick.
4. Clean and disinfect high-touch surfaces, such as doorknobs,
light switches, electronics and counters, daily.
5. Stay home from work, school and public areas if you're sick,
unless you're going to get medical care. Avoid public
transportation, taxis and ride-sharing if you're sick.
7 billion in 2012
is growing by 80 million each year
in 2030 will be 8–9 billion people
96 percent will be in the global South
half the world’s population growth occurs in just six countries: India, China,
Pakistan, Nigeria, Bangladesh, and Indonesia
4. 10 billion in the next 100 years
Population rate is determined by the difference between birth rate and death rate
Propounded by Warren Thompson 1929
First, death rates fall as food supplies increase
access to health care expands.
3. as the status of women in society rises bcz of edu. Health
under harsh poverty, a child’s survival is not assured
Disease, malnutrition, or violence may claim the lives of many children
Having many children helps ensure that some survive.
1. Among the world’s poorest countries, population
is expected to triple in the next 50 years
2. children they bear will be affected by their incomes
3. UN has predicted 48 poorest states likely to be the biggest contributors to population growthto 1.7 billion in 2050
poor planning lead to unexpected pregnancies
In Great Britain 76% aged 16 - 49 use contraceptive
A study by WHO-figure drops to 43% in poor countries
UNICEF estimates 150 million children are currently working
Child being seen as a source of income
loss educational opportunities
Increases the population of the host country
Emigrate means to leave one location, such as one's native country or region, to live in another. Immigrate means to move into a non-native country or region to live
Improvement in medical technology against viruses and ailments such as polio, smallpox and measles
it makes possible for more people to have children
1. Brazil, Ukraine, Spain, Thailand, Belize, Colombia, and Portugal allows marriage and citizenship
Fewer jobs to support large number of people
Unemployment gives rise to crime
Demand and supply continues to expand due to overpopulation
It raises the prices of various commodities
People have to pay more to survive and feed their families
Earth can only produce a limited amount of water and food
environmental damage because of the growing population
cutting down forests, hunting wildlife
vehicles and industries have badly affected the quality of air
Rise in amount of CO2 emissions
Results: global warming. Melting of polar ice caps, changing climate patterns, rise in sea level
creates greater demand on the world’s freshwater supplies
roughly 1% of the world’s water is fresh
States estimate human demand for fresh water will stand at approximately 70% of what is available on the planet by 2025.
destruction of natural habitats, such as forests
50% of the world’s wildlife species will be at risk of extinction
there is a direct link between increases in human population and decreases in the number of species on the planet
1. American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), also support improving access to contraceptives
1. New data in 2002 showed that
higher women’s status and literacy are reducing population growth
Two hundred years ago, the British writer Thomas Malthus warned that population
tends to increase faster than food supply and predicted that population growth would limit
itself through famine and disease.
famine, misery, prostitutions
delay marriage, self restraint, monogamy vs polygamy (more then one)
1. One-Child or Two child Policy
7 billion in 2012
is growing by 80 million each year
in 2030 will be 8–9 billion people
96 percent will be in the global South
half the world’s population growth occurs in just six countries: India, China,
Pakistan, Nigeria, Bangladesh, and Indonesia
4. 10 billion in the next 100 years
China’s fertility rate fell from 6 children per woman to about 2.5, a dramatic change.
Forced or coerced abortions have been reported.
Chinese peasants have reportedly killed newborn daughters so that they could try for a son.
6. Pronatalist limiting contraceptive to increase birth for more military purpose
United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), 200 million women do not have access to
effective contraception.
7 billion in 2012
is growing by 80 million each year
in 2030 will be 8–9 billion people
96 percent will be in the global South
half the world’s population growth occurs in just six countries: India, China,
Pakistan, Nigeria, Bangladesh, and Indonesia
4. 10 billion in the next 100 years
UNRWA: United Nations Relief and Works Agency
Someone who moves to a new country in search of better economic opportunities, a
better professional environment, or better access to his or her family, culture, or religion is considered voluntary
Because migrants provide cheap labour
1940, Stalin accused Chechnya of helping German in WW-II, forced to migrate, returned in 1957, after Stalin’s death 1953
3. 1948-50, communist Mao Zedong defeated nationalist fled to Taiwan
4. UK after WW-II called Caribbean for work
After WW-II, Germany invited Turks for labour
West African colonies got independence & people moved to UK for work.
4. A physiological disorder is a condition in which the organs in the body malfunction causes illness. Examples are Asthma, Glaucoma, Diabetes
A communicable disease is one that is spread from one person to another through a variety of ways that include: contact with blood and bodily fluids; breathing in an airborne virus; or by being bitten by an insect.
Non-communicable: heart diseases, most cancers, diabetes, chronic kidney
human immunodeficiency virus
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome The human body can't get rid of HIV and no effective HIV cure exists.
Swollen lymph glands: Soojan hona
lesion is any damage or abnormal change in the tissue of an organism
1. Treatment as prevention (TasP) refers to the use of antiretroviral (ARV) medication to prevent HIV transmission
2. is a short course of HIV medicines taken very soon after a possible exposure to HIV to prevent the virus from taking hold in your body.
4. is a way for people who do not have HIV but who are at very high risk of getting HIV to prevent HIV infection by taking a pill every day.
8. Female genital mutilation (FGM) involves the partial or total removal of external female genitalia
iduronate-2-sulfatase if male gene disorder
Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infection that usually attacks your lungs
Hepatitis refers to an inflammatory condition of the liver.
5. Cholera is a bacterial disease usually spread through contaminated water.
6. Ebola is a rare but deadly virus that causes fever, body aches, and diarrhea
7. Hantaviruses are a family of viruses spread mainly by rodents(animals) and can cause varied disease syndromes in people worldwide.
8. Swine flue: It originated in pigs but is spread primarily from person to person.
