Introduction to IoT - Unit I

Hands on Approach
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MTNC/Computer Science

INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET
OF THINGS
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TOPICS
 Definition & Characteristics of IoT
 Physical Design IoT
 Logical Design of IoT
 IoT Enabling Technologies
 IoT Levels & Deployment Templates
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INTRODUCTON
 Internet of Things(IoT) comprises things that have
unique identities and are connected to the Internet.
 These include devices or “things” that are traditionally
not associated with the Internet .
 The scope of IoT not limited to just connecting
things(devices,appliances,machines) to the Internet.
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DEFINITION &CHARACTERISTICS IF IoT
 Definition: A dynamic global network infrastructure
with self-configuring capabilities based on standard
and interoperable communication protocols where
physical and virtual “things” have identities, physical
attributes ,and virtual personalities and use intelligent
interfaces, and are seamlessly integrated into the
information network , often communicate data
associated with users and their environments.
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 Dynamic & Self-Adapting: IoT devices and systems may have the
capability to dynamically adapt with the changing context an
take actions based on their operating conditions , user’s context ,
or sensed environment .Ex: A surveillance system comprising of
a number of surveillance cameras.
 Self-Configuring: IoT devices may have self-configuring
capability, allowing a large number of devices to work together to
provide certain functionality (such as weather monitoring).
 Interoperable communication protocols :IoT devices may
support a number of interoperable communication protocols
and can communicate with other devices and also with he
infrastructure. We describe some of the commonly used
communication protocols and moels in later sections.
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 Unique Identity: Each IoT device has a unique identity
and a unique identifier(such as an IP address or a
URI).IoT system may have intelligent interface which
adapt based on the context , allow communicating
with users an the environmental contexts.
 Integrated into Information Network: IoT devices are
usually integrated into the information network that
allows them to communicate and exchange data with
other devices and systems.
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Physical Design of IoT
 Things in IoT:
The “Things” in IoT usually refers to IoT devices which
have unique identities and can perform remote sensing,
Actuating and monitoring capabilities. IoT devices can
exchange data with other connected devices and
applications (directly or indirectly), or collect data from
other devices and process the data locally or send the data
to Centralized servers or cloud based applications back
ends for processing the data or from some task locally and
other task within the IoT infrastructure, based on temporal
and space constraints
(ie : Memory, processing calibrators, communication
latencies and speed and deadlines).
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IoT Protocols
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IoT PROTOCOLS
 Link Layer: Link layer determines how the packets are coded and
signaled by the hardware device over the medium to which the host is
attached.
 802.3 Ethernet
 802.1- WI-FI
 802.16 –WiMAX
 802.15.4 -LR-WPAN
 2G / 3G / 4G -Mobile Communications
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 802.3-Ethernet: 802.3 is a collections of wired Ethernet standards for the link
layer.
 Ex: 802.3 10BASE5 Ethernet that uses coaxial cable as a shared medium, 802.3.i
is standard for 10 BASET Ethernet over copper twisted pair connection,
Standards provide data rates from 10 Mb/s to 40 gigabits per second and the
higher.
 802.1- WI-FI: IEEE 802.3 is a collections of wireless Local area
network.(WLAN) communication standards, including extensive descriptions
of the link layer. For example 802.11a operate in the 5 GHz band, 802.11b and
802.11g operate in the 2.4 GHz band. 802.11ac operates in the 5G hertz band.
 802.16 wiMAX: IEEE 802.16 is a collection of wirless broadband and Standards,
including extensive descriptions for the link layer also called WiMAX wimax
standard provides a data rates from from 1.5 Mb/s to 1Gb/s the recent update
provides data rates of hundred megabits per second for mobile station.
 802.15.4 LR-WPAN: IEEE 802.1 5.4 is a collections of standard for low rate
wireless personal area network(LRWPAN).These standard form the basis of
specifications for high level communication Zigbee. LR-WPAN standards
provide data rates from 40 k b/ s. These standards provide low cost and low
speed Communications for power constrained devices.
 2G / 3G / 4G mobile communications: These are the different generations of
mobile communication standards including second generation (2G including
GSM and CDMA). 3rd Generation (3G including UMTS and CDMA2000) and
4th generation 4G including LTE
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IoT DEVICES
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Network/Internet Layer
 The network layer are responsible for sending of IP
datagrams from the source network to the destination
network. This layer Performs the host addressing and
packet routing.
 Host Identification is done using the hierarchy IP
addressing schemes such as ipv4 or IPv6.
IPv4
IPv6
6LoWPAN
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cont……..
 IPV4: Internet protocol versions for open parents close
(IPV4) is there most deployed internet protocol that is used
to identify the device is on a network using a hierarchy
latest schemes. It uses 32 bit addresses scheme that allows
total of 2 32 address. As more and more devices got
connected to the internet. The Ipv4 has succeeded by IPv6.
 IPv6: It is the newest versions of internet protocol and
successor to IPv4. IPv6 uses 128 bit address schemes that
are lost total of 2 128 are 3.4* 10 38 address.
 6LoWPAN: IPv6 over low power wireless personal area
networks brings IP protocol to the low power device which
have limited processing capability it operate in the 2.4 GHz
frequency range and provide the data transfer rate off to 50
kb/s.
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Transport Layer
 Provides end-to-end message transfer capability independent of
the underlying n/w. Set up on connection with ACK as in TCP
and without ACK as in UDP. Provides functions such as error
control, segmentation, flow control and congestion
control. Protocols:
 ∙TCP: Transmission Control Protocol used by web
browsers(along with HTTP and HTTPS), email(along with
SMTP, FTP). Connection oriented and stateless protocol.
IP Protocol deals with sending packets, TCP ensures reliable
transmission of protocols in order. Avoids n/w congestion and
congestion collapse.
 ∙UDP: User Datagram Protocol is connectionless protocol.
Useful in time sensitive applications, very small data units to
exchange. Transaction oriented and stateless protocol. Does not
provide guaranteed delivery.
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Application Layer
 The applications interface with lower layer protocols to send data over the n/w. Enables
process-to-process communication using ports.
 ∙HTTP: Hyper Text Transfer Protocol that forms foundation of WWW. Follow request
response model Stateless protocol.
 ∙CoAP: Constrained Application Protocol for machine-to-machine(M2M)
applications with constrained devices, constrained environment and constrained n/w.
Uses client server architecture.
 ∙WebSocket: allows full duplex communication over a single socket connection. ∙MQTT:
Message Queue Telemetry Transport is light weight messaging protocol based on
publish-subscribe model. Uses client server architecture. Well suited for
constrained environment.
 ∙XMPP: Extensible Message and Presence Protocol for real time communication
and streaming XML data between network entities. Support client-server and server-
server communication.
 ∙DDS: Data Distribution Service is data centric middleware standards for device-to-
device or machine-to-machine communication. Uses publish-subscribe model.
 ∙AMQP: Advanced Message Queuing Protocol is open application layer protocol
for business messaging. Supports both point-to-point and publish-subscribe model
1.3Logical
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Logical designof IoT
 The logical design of IoT refers to an abstract represent
of entities and processes without going into the low
level specifies of implementation.
i) IoT Functional Blocks
ii) IoT Communication Models
iii) IoT Communication APIs
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IoT Functional Blocks
Provide the system the capabilities for
identification,sensing,actuation,communication and
management.
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IoT FUNCTIONAL BLOCKS
 Device: An IoT system comprises of devices that
provide sensing, actuation, monitoring and control
functions.
 Communication: handles the communication for IoT
system.
 Services: for device monitoring, device control services,
data publishing services and services for device
discovery.
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IoT COMMUNICATION MODELS
 i) Request-Response Model:
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Cont………
ii)PublishSubscribe Model:
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Cont…..
iii) Push-Pull Model:
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Cont………
iv)Exclusive Pair:
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Logical Design Of IoT
 The logical design of IoT refers to an abstract represent
of entities and processes without going into the low
level specifies of implementation.
i) IoT Functional Blocks
ii) IoT Communication Models
iii) IoT Communication APIs
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IoT communication of APIs
i) REST based communication APIs
(Request-Response Based Model)
Representational State Transfer(REST) is a set of
architectural principles by which we can design web
services and web APIs that focus on a system‘s
resources and have resource states are addressed and
transferred.
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ii) WebSocket based Communication APIs
(Exclusive Pair Based Model)
WebSocket APIs allow bi-directional, full duplex
communication between clients and servers.
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i) Wireless Sensor Networks
A wireless sensor network comprises of distributed devices with
sensors which are used to monitor the environmental and
physical conditions. A WSN consist of a number of end nodes
and routers and a co-ordinator. The coordinator collects the data
from all the nodes. Coordinator also acts as a gateway that
connects the WSN to the internet
IoT EnablingTechnologies
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ii) Cloud Computing
Cloud computing is a transformative computing
paradigm that involves delivering applications and services over
the internet. Cloud computing involves provisioning of
computing, networking and storage resources on demand and
providing these resources as metered services to the users, in a
“pay as you go”.
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APPLICATION:
Infrastructure-as-a-service(IaaS)
Platform-as-a-Service(PaaS):
Software-as-a-Service(SaaS
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iii) Big data Analysis
Big data is defined as collections of
data sets whose volume , velocity or variety
is so large that it is difficult to store,
manage, process and analyze the data
using traditional databases and data
processing tools.
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Example:
Some examples of big data generated by IoT are
 Sensor data generated by IoT systems.
 Machine sensor data collected from sensors
established in industrial and energy systems.
 Health and fitness data generated IoT devices.
 Data generated by IoT systems for location and
tracking vehicles.
 Data generated by retail inventory monitoring
systems.
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iv) Communication Protocols:
Communication Protocols form the back-bone of
IoT systems and enable network connectivity and
coupling to applications.
 Allow devices to exchange data over network.
 Define the exchange formats, data encoding
addressing schemes for device and routing of packets
from source to destination.
 It includes sequence control, flow control and
retransmission of lost packets.
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v) Embedded Systems:
Embedded Systems is a computer system that has
computer hardware and software embedded to
perform specific tasks. Embedded System range from
low cost miniaturized devices such as digital watches
to devices such as digital cameras, POS terminals,
vending machines, appliances etc.,
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IoT Levels& Deployment Templates
 Device
 Resource
 Controller Service
 Database
 Web Service
 Stateless/ Stateful
 Uni-Directional/Bi-Directional
 Request- Response/ Full Duplex
 TCP Connection
 Header Overhead
 Scalability
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IoT Levels& Deployment
Templates
 Analysis Component:
The Analysis Component is responsible for
analyzing the IoT data and generate
results in a form which are easy for the
user to understand.
 Application:
IoT applications provide an interface that
the users can use to control and monitor
various aspects of the IoT System.
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IoT Level-1
 IoT Level-1: System has a single node that performs
sensing and/or actuation, stores data, performs
analysis and host the application as shown in fig.
Suitable for modeling low cost and low complexity
solutions where the data involved is not big and
analysis requirement are not computationally
intensive. An e.g., of IoT Level1 is Home automation.
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IoT Level-2
 IoT Level2: has a single node that performs sensing
and/or actuating and local analysis as shown in fig.
Data is stored in cloud and application is usually cloud
based. Level2 IoT systems are suitable for solutions
where data are involved is big, however, the primary
analysis requirement is not computationally intensive
and can be done locally itself. An e,g., of Level2 IoT
system for SmartIrrigation.
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IoT Level-3
 This System has a single node.
 Data is stored and analyzed in the cloud application is
cloud based as shown in fig.
 Level3 IoT systems are suitable for solutions where the
data involved is big and analysis requirements are
computationally intensive.
 Example : IoTSystem for tracking package handling.
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IoT Level-4
 This System has multiple nodes that perform local
analysis.
 Data is stored in the cloud and application is cloud based
as shown in fig.
 Level4 contains local and cloud based observer nodes
which can subscribe to and receive information collected in
the cloud from IoT devices.
 E xample : IoT System for Noise Monitoring.
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IoT Level-5
 System has multiple end nodes and one coordinator node
as shown in fig.
 The end nodes that perform sensing and/or actuation.
Coordinator node collects data from the end nodes and
sends to the cloud.
 Data is stored and analyzed in the cloud and application is
cloud based.
 Level5 IoT systems are suitable for solution based on
wireless sensor network, in which data are high intensive.
 Example :IoT system for Forest Fire Detection.
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IoT Level-6
 System has multiple independent end nodes that
perform sensing and/or actuation and sensed data to
the cloud.
 Data is stored in the cloud and application is cloud
based as shown in fig.
 The analytics component analyses the data and stores
the result in the cloud data base.
.
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Cont……….
 The results are visualized with cloud based
application. The centralized controller is aware of the
status of all the end nodes and sends control
commands to nodes.
 Example of a Level6 IoT system for Weather
Monitoring System.
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Book : Internet of Things A Hands on Approach
Arshdeep Bahga, Vijay Madisetti
University Press.
Thanks to : Mr.K.Selvam , 20SPCS014 /II M.Sc(CS) /MTNC
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Thanking You
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Introduction to IoT - Unit I

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