2. WHAT IS A BIOPSY?
Biopsy is derived from a Greek word
(By-op-see) = Bio – meaning LIFE and
Opsy – TO LOOK(Vision)
Biopsy is the removal of tissue from a
living organism for the purpose of
microscopic examination and
diagnosis.
3. 1870, Ruge and Joham Vert in Berlin
introduced surgical biopsy as an essential
tool for diagnosis.
1889, Emarch put forward an argument that
confirmations should be made before
surgeries for malignancies.
Williams halsted 1st introduced this principle
in United States.
1941, study of exfoliated cells from female
genital tract is done by Papanicolaou.
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
6. CHARACTERISTICS OF LESIONS THAT RAISE THE
SUSPICION OF MALIGNANCY
Growth rate– lesion exhibits rapid growth
Bleeding— lesion bleeds on gentle
manipulation
Induration– lesion and surrounding tissue is
firm to the touch
Fixation– lesion feels attached to adjacent
structures
7. CHARACTERISTICS OF LESIONS THAT RAISE THE
SUSPICION OF MALIGNANCY
Erythroplakia—lesion is totally red or has
speckled red appearance
Ulceration—lesion is ulcerated or presents
as an ulcer
Duration— lesion has persisted for more
than 2 weeks
8.
9. INDICATION FOR BIOPSY
Persistent hyperkeratosis changes in surface
tissue (ex: lips or oral mucosa)
Lesion that interfere with local function
(ex :fibroma)
Any inflammatory lesion that does not
respond to local treatment after 10 to 14
days (that is after removing local irritant)
10. INDICATION FOR BIOPSY
Bone lesions not specifically identified by
clinical and radiographic finding.
Any lesion persists for more than 2 weeks
with no apparent etiology basis.
Any lesion that has the characteristics of
malignancy .
11. WHEN IS ORAL BIOPSY NOT
NEEDED?
There is no need to biopsy normal structures.
There is no need to biopsy for inflammatory or infectious
lesions that respond to specific local treatments, as
pericoronitis, gingivitis or periodontal abscesses.
No incisional biopsies should be performed on suspected
angiomatous lesions.
12. Anticoagulant therapy
Over-whelming sepsis
Severe impaired lung function
Uncontrolled bleeding.
Uncooperative patient
Local infection near the site
CONTRA-INDICATIONS
13. To confirm a diagnosis made on clinical
findings.
To determine the treatment plan
Valuable self teaching diagnostic aid.
As a medical record
OBJECTIVES OF BIOPSY
14. CLASSIFICATION OF BIOPSY
According to the procedures applied, oral biopsies can be
classified by:
a) Features of the lesion:
• Direct biopsy: when the lesion is located on the oral
mucosa and can be easily accessed with a scalpel from
the mucosal surface.
• Indirect biopsy: when the lesion is covered by an
apparently normal oral mucosa.
15. b) Area of surgical removal:
• Incisional biopsy: consists of the removal of a
representative sample of the lesion and normal adjacent
tissue in order to make a definitive diagnosis before
treatment.
• Excisional biopsy: is aimed at the complete surgical
removal of the lesion for diagnostic and therapeutic
purposes. This procedure is elective when the size and
location of the lesion allows for a complete removal of
the lesion and a wide margin of surrounding healthy
tissue.
16. c) By the timing of the biopsy/ Clinical timing of
sampling:
• Pre-operative
• Intra-operative
• Post-operative
d) Purpose of the biopsy.
Diagnostic Biopsy
Experimental Biopsy
18. STEPS OF BIOPSY
1.SELECTION OF AREA OF BIOPSY
2.PREPARATION OF SURGICAL FIELD
3.LOCAL ANASTHESIA
4.INCISION
5.HANDLING OF SPECIMEN
6.SUTURING OF THE RESULTING WOUND
19. If a lesion is large or has
different characteristics in
various locations more than one
area may need to be sampled
INCISIONAL BIOPSY
20. Incision should extend from the ulceration out onto clinically normal
tissue
Grasp area to be removed with forceps and make an elliptical incision from the
centre out onto clinically normal tissue: wound after removal of incised tissue:
suturing completed
21. INCISIONAL BIOPSY
Indications:
Size limitations
Hazardous location of the lesion
Great suspicion of malignancy
Technique:
Representative areas are biopsied in a wedge fashion.
Margins should extend into normal tissue on the deep
surface.
Necrotic tissue should be avoided.
A narrow deep specimen is better than a broad shallow
one.
22. DISADVANTAGES:
1. Crush, splits and haemorrhage are the
artefacts most frequently found in
incisional oral biopsies.
2. Theoretical seeding of cancer cells into
the adjoining tissues.
23. Excisional Biopsy
The entire lesion with 2 to
3mm of normal appearing
tissue surrounding the
lesion is excised if
benign.
24. EXCISIONAL BIOPSY
An excisional biposy implies the complete removal
of the lesion.
Indications:
Should be employed with small lesions. Less than 1cm
The lesion on clinical exam appears benign.
When complete excision with a margin of normal tissue
is possible without mutilation.
25. EXCISIONAL BIOPSY
Technique:
The entire lesion with 2 to 3mm of normal
appearing tissue surrounding the lesion is
excised if benign.
28. Advantages :
Ease of technique
Sutures may not be required if small diameter
punch
May produce a more satisfactory specimen in
bound down tissues (e.g. hard palate)
Drawbacks:
May not be adequate for biopsy of deeper
pathology
May be difficult to biopsy freely movable tissues
(e.g. soft palate, floor of mouth)
29. CORE BIOPSY
Fine needle biopsy has been established
as a safe procedure and is routinely
performed under local anaesthesia. Many
pathologists believe that for histologic
study, core tissue is more useful than
cytologic material
30. Core needle biopsy (CNB) has emerged as an important
sampling method in the diagnosis of musculoskeletal
tumours
31. FINE NEEDLE ASPIRATION CYTOLOGY
It is the “Technique of aspiration of cells/
fluid/ tissue fragments using a fine needle for
examination under a microscope”
32. ADVANTAGES
1. The technique is relatively painless,
produces speedy results.
2. It is an inexpensive technique.
3. It requires little equipment.
4. The technique can be done as an out
patient or a bed side procedure.
5. There is no problem with wound healing.
6. The technique is readily repeatable
33. INDICATIONS
1. Non palpable lesions, or area difficult to biopsy
but can be localized by CT, MRI, Ultrasound.
2. To rule out vascular lesions prior to open
surgery.
3. In cases where Biopsy is contraindicated on
medical background.
4. Used as a diagnostic screening test at
community level for head and neck masses.
5. Indicated for known tumors to assess effect of
treatment.
6. Used to obtain tissue for specific studies.
36. BRUSH BIOPSY
Diagnosis of oral epithelial dysplasia has
traditionally been based upon histopathological
evaluation of a full thickness biopsy specimen
from lesional tissue.
It has recently been proposed that cytological
examination of “brush biopsy” samples is a non-
invasive method of determining the presence of
cellular atypia, and hence the likelihood of oral
epithelial dysplasia.
37.
38. Exfoliative Cytology
It is a quick and simple procedure, is an
important alternative to biopsy in certain
situations. In exfoliative cytology, cells
shed from body surfaces, such as the
inside of the mouth, are collected and
examined. This technique is useful only for
the examination of surface cells and often
requires additional cytological analysis to
confirm the results.
39. DANGERS OF BIOPSY
Spreading of infection
Haemorrhage
Infection
Operative trauma
44. BIOPSY DATA SHEET
PATIENT DATA
HISTORY
CLINICAL DESCRIPTION
NATURE OF BIOPSY
RADIOGRAPHS & PHOTOGRAPHS
DISCRIPTION OF BIOPSY SPECIMEN
45. BIOPSY REPORT
IT SHOULD INCLUDE DIAGNOSIS AS
WELL AS A COMPLETE MICROSCOPIC
DESCRIPTION
46. ARTIFACT = Artificial (man made) product
Artifacts are alteration in the tissue morphology
that results from various forms of mechanical,
chemical, or thermal insult to the tissue specimens
removed for diagnostic purposes, anywhere from
fixation to processing to staining. Numerous types
of artefacts can affect the biopsy specimen.
47. CLASSIFICATION
PRE BIOPSY ARTIFACTS:
They are introduced prior to the collection of the tissue
BIOPSY ARTIFACTS
Injection of L.A. into the lesion.
Injection Artifacts
Improper handling of the tissue
Errors during manipulation of tissue
Forceps/ Squeeze Artifact
Problems in orienting excised tissue
Heat Artefact(Fulguration Artifact)
Foreign Bodies or Starch Artifact.