Misinformation, Disinformation, Malinformation, fake news, and libraries

1. MISINFORMATION, FAKE NEWS
AND LIBRARIES
Dr Mayank Trivedi
University Librarian & Senate Member
The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda
Date : 11th Sept., 2021
Email : librarian-hml@msubaroda.ac.in

2. TOPICS
 Impact of information
 Types of Information
 Misinformation, Disinformation
 Fake news
 How to identify
 What are the remedies
 What libraries can do?

3. INFORMATION DEVICES
 Information devices
are help to send,
receive, record, track,
manipulate
information.
 Traditional :
 Books
 Journals
 Newspapers etc
 Internet sites
 Video
 Audio
 Smart devices :
 PDA
 Laptop
 Smartphones
 Notebook
 Kindle
 Smart TVS
 Mobile computers
 Smart watch
 Video Game console

4. HOW INFORMATION RETRIEVED
 Visually➔ through sight.
Ex: receive information by seeing the print in book.
 Aurally ➔ through hearing.
Ex: hear the whistle of a train.
 Tactilely ➔ through touch
Ex: feeling the humidity in the air.
 Olfactory ➔ through smell
Ex: smelling the coffee in the morning.
 Gustatorily ➔ through taste
Ex: tasting to see whether the milk is fresh or not.
 Some of the information activities we receive involve
transforming it from one format to another.
EX: Studying , building a house.

5. INFORMATION SERVICES
 To meet a particular
individual or
organizational need,
entail a professional-
client relationship, and
provide a selection of
information bearing objects
that might contain an
answer.
 Examples:!
 Telephone
services !
 Internet-access!
 CableTV
 Individual Information
devices and services provide
to the individual
information that is used for
a variety of purpose in the
conduct of daily life.!
 Make decisions!
 Information about course in
university webpage (enroll or
no) !
 Resolve uncertainty !
 Ex: looking at the clock while
studying for exam, you are
trying to resolve uncertainty
of wither to stop reading and
go to class or not.!
 Solve problems

6. USE OF INFORMATION IN THE SOCIETY
 Economic sphere: Information is used daily to
influence behavior, ex : advertising , oil. !
 Political sphere: to influence behavior of
citizens (voting, government response )!
 In Education sector: teaching, learning, and
research !
 In Health sector: for patient care and drug
prescription !
 In Military and Security: for war, fighting and
protection from crime

7. INFORMATION IN TRANSITION
 Growth dependence on technology!
 Information is being treated more and more as a
commodity that can be owned, controlled,
and traded in the marketplace. !
 Information is not only a communication between
human being, but also communication
between human and machines and between
machines.!

8. IMPACT
 Information age and the focus on information and
technology has profoundly affected the nature of
society and the world of work.!
 More information is accessible to all people in our
society, and more businesses are seeking employees who
are proficient in information retrieval, analysis, and
communication, in conjunction with highly
developed technological skills.
 The ongoing computing and communications
revolution has numerous economic and social
impacts on modern society and requires serious social
science investigation in order to manage its risks and
dangers.
 Information can be dangerous to your health, wallet
& well being
 Teach Social Media Literacy in a more direct and sustained
way
 Information Literacy(IL) is too much Important

9. CHALLENGES OF THE INFORMATION AGE
 Amount of information.
 Rate of new information being produced
 Continuous news culture (speed over quality)
 Ease of duplication and transmission
 More channels of incoming information
 Ever-increasing amounts of historical information to dig through
 Contradictions and inaccuracies in available information
 A low signal-to-noise ratio
 No method for comparing and processing different kinds of
information
 Information unrelated or lacking context
 Speed/low cost at which information can created, reproduced, and
delivered.
 Ease with which information can be altered.
 Weaponization of information.

10. INFORMATION DISORDERS
 Misinformation is false or inaccurate information that is
communicated regardless of an intention to
deceive. Examples of misinformation are false rumors, insults,
and pranks. Misinformation is information that is false, but the
person who is disseminating it believes that it is true
 Disinformation is information that is false, and the person who is
disseminating it knows it is false. “It is a deliberate, intentional lie,
and points to people being actively disinformed by malicious actors” False
information which is intended to mislead, especially propaganda issued
by a government organization to a rival power or the media.
 Mal-information is information that is based on reality but it
is used to inflict harm on a person, organization or
country.
 Fake News : The words "misinformation" and "disinformation"
have often been associated with the concept of "fake news", which
some scholars define as "fabricated information that mimics news
media content in form but not in organizational process or
intent”. False information that is broadcast or published as news for
fraudulent or politically motivated purposes

11. INFORMATION DISORDER

12. TYPES OF MISINFORMATION

13. CAUSES OF MISINFORMATION
 With the advent of the information age and the
internet, information is spread more rapidly and
often with the click of a mouse.
 Equally, the speed at which information is
transmitted and the instant access to information
which the internet provides has caused a rush to
publish and be the first to transit information.
 UNESCO identifies three causes enabling the
spread of misinformation:
 Collapsing traditional business models.
 Digital transformation of newsrooms and
storytelling
 The creation of new news ecosystems

14. HOW TO COMBAT
 Media and Information Literacy (MIL) strategies and campaigns
 UNESCO proposes MIL strategies and campaigns as a process which enables
the detection of misinformation and a means to combat its spread, particularly
online.
 MIL is an umbrella and inter-related concept which is divided into:
 Human rights literacy which relates to the fundamental rights afforded to
all persons, particularly the right to freedom of expression, and the promotion
and protection of these fundamental rights.
 News literacy which refers to literacy about the news media, including
journalistic standards and ethics. This includes, for example, the specific
ability to understand the “language and conventions of news as a genre and to
recognize how these features can be exploited with malicious intent.”
 Advertising literacy which relates to understanding how advertising online
works and how profits are driven in the online economy.
 Computer literacy which refers to basic IT usage and understating the easy
manner in which headlines, images, and, increasingly, videos can be
manipulated to promote a particular narrative.
 Understanding the “attention economy” which relates to one of the causes
of misinformation and need for journalists and editors to focus on click-bait
headlines and misleading imagery to grab the attention of users and, in turn,
drive online advertising revenue.
 Privacy and intercultural literacy which relates to developing standards on
the right to privacy and a broader understanding of how communications
interact with individuvial identity and social developments.

15. UNESCO(MIL)
 We are travelling
towards the
universality of books,
the Internet and all
forms of “containers of
knowledge”.

17. USAGE OF INTERNET

18. FORMS OF MISINFORMATION
 Lying
 Mercenary News
 Propaganda
 Humor
 Alteration
 Teens, Social Media &
Technology
 YouTube, Instagram
and Snapchat are the
most popular online
platforms among teens.
 Fully 95% of teens have
access to a smartphone,
and 45% say they are
online almost
constantly’
 http://www.pewinternet.
org/2018/05/31/teens-
social-media-technology-
2018/2

19. FAKE NEWS
 How do we present
fake news?
 How can we help
students learn to
identify and fight fake
news?
 Why does fake news
spread so much?

20. WHAT IS FAKE NEWS?
 Fake news websites (also referred to as hoax
news deliberately publish hoaxes, propaganda,
and disinformation purporting to be real news —
often using social media to drive web traffic and
amplify their effect.
 Unlike news satire, fake news websites seek to
mislead, rather than entertain, readers for
financial, political, or other gain.
 “And people, if they just repeat attacks enough,
and outright lies over and over again, as long as
it's on Facebook and people can see it, as long as
it's on social media, people start believing it.
And it creates this dust cloud of nonsense.”
-President Barack Obama

21. TYPES OF FAKE NEWS
 There are four broad categories of fake news, according to media professor
Melissa Zimdars of Merrimack College.
 CATEGORY 1
 Fake, false, or regularly misleading websites that are shared on Facebook and
social media. Some of these websites may rely on “outrage” by using distorted
headlines and decontextualized or dubious information in order to generate likes,
shares, and profits.
 CATEGORY 2
 Websites that may circulate misleading and/or potentially unreliable
information
 CATEGORY 3
 Websites which sometimes use clickbait-y headlines and social media descriptions
 CATEGORY 4
 Satire/comedy sites, which can offer important critical commentary on politics
and society, but have the potential to be shared as actual/literal news
 No single topic falls under a single category - for example, false or misleading
medical news may be entirely fabricated (Category 1), may intentionally
misinterpret facts or misrepresent data (Category 2), may be accurate or
partially accurate but use an alarmist title to get your attention (Category 3) or
may be a critique on modern medical practice (Category 4.)
 Some articles fall under more than one category. Assessing the quality of
the content is crucial to understanding whether what you are viewing
is true or not. It is up to you to do the legwork to make sure your
information is good.

22. IDENTIFYING
 Fake News - refers to false information or
propaganda published under the guise of being
authentic news
 Bad News - refers to poorly reported news, which
can be true but does not show the correct support to
verify it
 Media Bias - information that is unfair, unbalanced
or incomplete in its discussion of an issue
 Editorial Perspective - Every reporter, editor or
publisher has a point of view
 Satire - the use of irony, sarcasm, ridicule, or the
like, in exposing, denouncing, or deriding vice, folly,
etc.
 Clickbait - a sensationalized headline or piece of text
on the Internet designed to entice people to follow a
link to an article on another Web page

23. PERCEPTION

24. CHARACTERISTICS- FAKE NEWS
 It can’t be verified
 A fake news article may or may not have links in it tracing its
sources; if it does, these links may not lead to articles outside
of the site’s domain or may not contain information pertinent
to the article topic.
 Fake news appeals to emotion
 Fake news plays on your feelings – it makes you angry or
happy or scared. This is to ensure you won’t do anything as
pesky as fact-checking.
 Authors usually aren’t experts
 Most authors are not even journalists, but paid trolls.
 It can’t be found anywhere else
 If you look up the main idea of a fake news article, you might
not find any other news outlet (real or not) reporting on the
issue.
 Fake news comes from fake sites
 Did your article come from mercola.com?
Realnewsrightnow.com? These and a host of other URLs are
fake news sites.

25. HOW IT BECOMES VIRAL
 Online, especially with Social Media - Sharing of lies,
half-truths, omissions, and out of context information.
 On Twitter, fact checks of misinformation get
about four times fewer shares than the original
falsehood. (Politiscope)
 Example:
 Eric Tucker took photos of large groups of buses in Austin,
TX
 Tweeted buses were related to anti-Trump protesters, an
unverified statement Shared thousands of times on Twitter
and Facebook
 Retrieved from
https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/20/business/media/howfa
ke-news-spreads.html?_r=0

26. WHY DOES IT SPREAD
 Money
 Example: “BREAKING: ‘Tens of thousands’ of fraudulent Clinton votes found in Ohio
warehouse.”
 Story shared online by 6 million, earned thousands of dollars in Web advertising revenue
 Scott, S. ( 2017, Jan. 1). From headline to photograph, a fake news masterpiece. NYT.com
 Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/18/us/fake-news-hillary-clintoncameron-
harris.html
 Opinion
 Example: Pizzagate
 Claimed that John Podesta's leaked emails contained hidden messages referring to human
trafficking connected to multiple U.S. restaurants and members of the Democratic Party Man
shows up at pizza restaurant with weapons to help save the children
 Robb, A. (2017, Nov. 16). Anatomy of a fake news scandal. RollingStone.com. Retrieved
fromhttps://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/anatomy-of-a-fake-news-scandal-
125877/
 Emotion
 Example: GoFundMe scam
 Homeless military veteran’s random act of kindness and a New Jersey couple intent on
helping him get back on his feet during the holidays
 Inspired people to donate more than $400,000 in an online fundraiser that went viral
Campaign was found to be a lie
 The three were each charged with second-degree conspiracy and theft by deception
 Stableford, D. (2018, Nov. 15). New Jersey couple and homeless man whose feel-good story went
viral charged with GoFundMe scam. Yahoo.com.
 Retrieved from https://www.yahoo.com/news/new-jersey-couple-homelessman-whose-feel-good-
story-went-viral-charged-gofundme-scam-193432689.html

27. HOW TO AVOID FAKE NEWS
 Check the source
 Is it from a Google search or did you use an
academic database?
 Is it a .com, .org, .edu, or .gov?
 SIFT - Stop, Investigate, Find, Trace
 Check the claims in the article, Can you follow
up with them using other reputable sources?
 Question everything.
 Does the site have ads?
 Is the source from a think tank or a nonprofit that has a
stake in the subject of the article?
 What is the author's background?
 Check any links that are in the article. Do they
actually lead to information that verifies something in
the article?

28. WHY TO AVOID FAKE NEWS?
 Why should you care about whether or not your news is real or fake?
 Everyone deserve the truth. You are smart enough to make up
your own mind - as long as you have the real facts in front of
you. You have every right to be insulted when you read fake news,
because you are in essence being treated like an idiot.
 Fake news destroys your credibility. If your arguments are built
on bad information, it will be much more difficult for people to believe
you in the future.
 Fake news can hurt you, and a lot of other people. Purveyors of
fake and misleading medical advice like Mercola.com and
NaturalNews.com help perpetuate myths like HIV and AIDS
aren't related, or that vaccines cause autism. These sites are
heavily visited and their lies are dangerous.
 Real news can benefit you. If you want to buy stock in a company,
you want to read accurate articles about that company so you can
invest wisely. If you are planning on voting in an election, you want
to read as much good information on a candidate so you can vote for
the person who best represents your ideas and beliefs.
 Fake news will not help you make money or make the world a
better place, but real news can.

29. HOW TO CHECK ?
 Check Credentials – google search, LinkedIn
 Content
 Domain & URLs
 Look for Bias (Bias article won’t give you full
story)
 Check the sources, References
 Be wary of Cites in CAPS and typo
 CRAAP Test- Currency, Reliability, Authority,
Ability and Purpose
 Think critically
 Judge hard

30. CARAAP TEST
 Currency:

The timeliness of the information

When was the information published or posted?

Has the information been revised or updated?

Is the information current or out-of date for your
topic?

Are the links functional?
 Relevance:

The importance of the information for your needs

Does the information relate to your topic or
answer your question?

Who is the intended audience?

Is the information at an appropriate level (i.e. not
too elementary or advanced for your needs)?

Have you looked at a variety of sources before
determining this is one you will use?

Would you be comfortable using this source for a
research paper?
 Authority:

Tthe source of the information,
author/publisher/source/sponsor?

Are the author's credentials or organizational affiliations
given?

Is there contact information, such as a publisher or e-mail
address?

Does the URL reveal anything about the author or source?

.com (commercial), .edu (educational), .gov (U.S.
government)

.org (nonprofit organization), or

.net (network)
 Accuracy:

The reliability, truthfulness, and correctness of the content

Where does the information come from?

Is the information supported by evidence?

Has the information been reviewed or refereed?

Can you verify any of the information in another source or
from personal knowledge?

Does the language or tone seem biased and free of emotion?

Are there spelling, grammar, or other typographical errors?
 Purpose:

The reason the information exists

What is the purpose of the information? to inform? teach?
sell? entertain? persuade?

Do the authors/sponsors make their intentions or purpose
clear?

Is the information fact? opinion? propaganda?

Does the point of view appear objective and impartial?

Are there political, ideological, cultural, religious,
institutional, or personal biases?

31. FACT CHECKING
 Google and Facebook are tackling the rise of fake news
 The companies are using a combination of automated, algorithmic
curation of news, to check veracity and human curation, anchored to
local context, language and other factors
 Companies are outsourcing their fact checking to entities like
Factcheck.org, ABC News, and PolitiFact as well as reputed wire
news services like Associated Press.
 FactCheck.org :A project of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of
the University of Pennsylvania. Monitors the factual accuracy of
political speeches, debates, news stories and other communications
 Politifact :A project of the Tampa Bay Times, Politifact is an
independent, nonpartisan fact-checking website that rates the
accuracy of claims by elected officials and others who speak about
American politics.
 Snopes :An evidence-based source for fact checking urban legends,
folklore, myths, rumors, and misinformation.
 Allsides.com
 Fair.org
 Hoax-Slayer.com

32. DEEPFAKE
 Deepfakes first entered the public
eye late 2017, when an anonymous
Redditor under the name
“deepfakes” began uploading videos
of celebrities like Scarlett
Johansson stitched onto the bodies
of pornographic actors.
 The first examples involved tools
that could insert a face into existing
footage, frame by frame—a glitchy
process then and now—and swiftly
expanded to political figures and TV
personalities
 The latest technology in
deepfakes—seemingly realistic
video or audio generated using
machine learning.
 Developed by researchers at
Samsung’s AI lab in Moscow, the
portraits display a new method to
create credible videos from a single
image.

33. TOOLS AND APPS
 B.S. Detector
 Called as B.S. Detector, this
Chrome extension claims to
identify and flag news that
seems to be fake.
 The new project was released
on Tuesday and can identify
articles on Facebook that seem
to be from a questionable
source.
 When a user scrolls over an
article that seems to be fake, a
warning appears informing the
user that the source of the
article may not be from a
credible source detector
 Civikowl
 Fact checking Apps
 Get the most credible stories
across the political spectrum on
the trending news topics.
 Google reverse Image
Search
 Google Reverse Image Search
helps you quickly discover
visually similar images from
around the web. Upload a
photograph from your desktop
to Google Images and it will
show you related images
used on other websites and
also different sizes of the
same photo almost
instantly.

34. FACT CHECKING WEBSITES
 S.H.E.
 S.H.E. is a search tool that shows us
what a more equal world could look
like by removing the bias in search.
 Settle It! App
 From Politifact, this free mobile app
provides fact-checked information on
a variety of political issues.
 Trusted News
 TrustedNews is an Artificial
Intelligence browser extension that
helps you evaluate what you’re
about to read online, even before
you’ve read it. Just like grocery
nutrition labels, information
nutrition labels tag online news
articles with context, that can help
you know what to trust and what to
watch out for. Extension that will
flag fake news sites for you
 Tineye(Rev Imaage Search)
 TinEye is an image search and
recognition company. We are experts
in computer vision, pattern
recognition, neural networks and
machine learning.
 Ground News
 A news comparison app.
 Veracity
 Reverse image search app from
iPhone.
 All Sides
 AP Fact Check
 Climate Change National Forum
Fact Checker
 FactCheck.org
 FAIR.org
 First Draft
 Full Fact
 Hoax Slayer
 Hoaxy
 LinkedIn
 Media Bias Fact Check

35. FACT CHECKING WEBSITES
 NewsGuard
 Open Secrets
 Politifact
 Poynter.org
 A Rough Guide to Spotting Bad Science
 Snopes.com
 The Washington Post Fact Checker
NewsBot AI
 Bot that measures political bias in articles
 Clickbait
 Detects Facebook posts as clickbait using deep
learning
 Ground is a new app that fills the information
gap between social media and traditional news
media.
 Gem helps people tired of clickbait find articles
with adjective based ratings, and control over the
algorithm.
 ReadTheBias is a website that showcases how
major news publications report the same issues
differently.
 Verifact
 Verifact is an open protocol for verifying facts.
It's designed to get authentic fact-checks on the
news without bias.
 Stop The Bullshit
 Hide posts & block sites that publish fake news
on Facebook
 Metafact is a crowd-sourced fact-checking platform
powered by the world's scientific community.
 Partial Press is a bias-aware news aggregator. Created as
a drop-in replacement for Google News in the age of fake
news
 News Monitoring database is a database of thousands of
news articles updated everyday, complete with journalist
contact info to help you get more press.
 Trust Frank With Frank you're getting one simple thing:
The most important news of the day from the best
newspapers in the world.
 Troll Factory game asks you to imagine you are a
professional troll who tries to amass influence in social
media by spreading fear, bias and suspicion using botnets,
paid marketing and internet memes.
 SureOrNot How often are we found guilty of sharing
outdated news just because we did not check the date of the
article
 Securing Democracy A "disinformation dashboard"
tracking Russian propaganda
 Trusted News (from eyeo, creators of Adblock Plus)
highlights the trustworthiness of news websites.
 CivikOwl (publisher rankings)
 Rankings for 250 publishers on the quality of articles they
put out and their prevalence with a de-facto set of experts
 ArticleFinder aims to provide multiple viewpoints for a
given article.
 InfoPost is your personal AI which checks the news you
read for credibility.
 Stopaganda Plus This extension adds text decorations to
Google, Twitter, Facebook, and Reddit posts with accuracy
and bias metrics (based on Media Bias Fact Check's
publicly available data).

36.  InVID
 Tool to verify content on social networks
 Newsblock
 Newsblock was made to fight bad/clickbaity news
by redirecting you to the best article covering the
stories you click on.
 Newsblock uses bias/factual history data and ML
to determine how to rate articles. More info here
https://newsblock.co/#how-this-works
 Fake Morning News
 Introducing a new, revolutionary post-truth
media outlet...Fake Morning News. Every
morning, for the next 70 days (until the election),
receive the most breaking fake news headline by
text to your phone.
 Candle
 Candle is creating a set of tools to make more
sense of information. Our search engine and
browser plugins show qualitative evaluations of
information sources, allowing users to make
better decisions about what information to
consume or share.
 SurfSafe
 SurfSafe supercharges your browser to
automatically scan for dangerous media as you
surf online.
 Fact Hunt
 Fact Hunt is a social platform to hunt fake news.
 It is a unique platform which shows the stand of
both left and right wing on any trending and
controversial stories.
 NFN (Nice Fake News)
 A group of Russian hackers who spread nice
fake news. From developing bot networks, to
hi-jacking verified accounts.
 ChatNews
 Check ChatNews a new social media
platform that contains only real news from
trusted sources where you can learn, stay up
to date and have fun!
 Media Match
 TattleGEN
 TattleGEN is a Crowdsourced News
Validation Forum to Fight Fake News,
involving the entire community to help
people identify fake news and believe in only
the truth – preventing propagation
of misinformation, a serious threat to the
world today.
 Factify Extension
 Extension for the public to rate the truth
quality of web pages, especially press
articles, to promote good content on the web
and kill fake news.
 Detektor
 Detektor is a WhatsApp bot that helps verify
or detect the lies in social media claims.
Simply text the Detektor any claim that you
would wanna verify.

37. THE FUTURE OF FAKE NEWS
 With Adobe technologies, one can change the audio of
any recorded conversation or speech to reflect
whatever it is you want the speaker to say, in his or
her tone
 With advanced video technologies, the face of a
person on a screen, in real time, can be manipulated
to fit whatever movements or speech patters an
actor or a third person does
 The lack of very poor media literacy across
countries that are showing the highest year on year
growth of social media is a disturbing foundation for
the spread of fake news, faster than governments
and companies can curtail it.
 Images can also increase a story’s cognitive fluency, but
thanks to software like Photoshop, they can now be
easily doctored, and you may not realize just how
easily this can manipulate your memory of history.

38. INFORMATION MEDIA LITERACY
INITIATIVES
 There are a plethora of websites, guides,
instructional videos and documentation
around (social) media verification
 Most of the content is free, and some of the
content is in multiple languages
 Content is aimed at individual users,
teaching them to question first, verify and
only then go on to trust and share news and
information over the web, and social media
 Media literacy initiatives aren’t new, but are
increasingly aimed at the 18-34 demographic as
they are particularly susceptible to false and fake
news

39. LIBRARIANS’ PERCEPTION
 Providers of trusted, balanced, reliable
collections offering diverse viewpoints
 Educators, often in association with schools,
universities and other educational institutions
 Networkers -Democracy, information, and
libraries in a time of post-truth discourse
 Ensure communities can access both online and
offline news and digital literacy materials via their
local libraries
 Libraries can play a role in literacy
competence, especially in media and
information literacy
 Governments to promote and support strong reading
and critical thinking competencies through
libraries in a time of fake news and information
overload

40. IFLA

41. IFLA CODE OF ETHICS FOR LIBRARIANS AND
OTHER INFORMATION WORKERS
 Librarians organize and present content in a way
that allows an autonomous user to find the
information s/he needs.
 Librarians and other information workers help and
support users in their information searching.
 Librarians and other information workers promote
information literacy including the ability to
identify, locate, evaluate, organize and create,
use and communicate information.
 And they promote the ethical use of information
thereby helping to eliminate plagiarism and
other forms of misuse of information.

42. SIMPLE TIPS
 Do you know who the source is, or was it created by a
common or well-known source? Example National
Geographic, Discovery, etc.
 How does it compare to what you already know?
 Does the information make sense? Do you
understand the information?
 Can you verify that the information agrees with three
or more other sources that are also reliable?
 Have experts in the field been connected to it or
authored the information?
 How current is the information?
 Does it have a copyright?
 From add-ons to plug-ins, from apps to specific
platforms, there will be new technologies available
to end consumers to flag and filter fake news
 Some of these early prototypes are already available
on Google Chrome

43. TIPS FOR AVOIDING FAKE NEWS
 When you open up a news article in your browser,
open a second, empty tab. Use that second window to
look up claims, author credentials and organizations that
you come across in the article.
 Fake news spans across all kinds of media - printed
and online articles, podcasts, YouTube videos, radio shows,
even still images. Be prepared to double-check everything.
 Beware of confirmation bias. Just because you might
agree with what an article is saying doesn't mean it's true.
 As Mad-Eye Moody said in Harry Potter and the Goblet of
Fire, "Constant Vigilance!" Always be ready to fact
check.
 Even the best researchers will be fooled once in a
while. If you find yourself fooled by a fake news story, use
your experience as a learning tool.

44. BEATING OR FIGHTING
 “It was important, Dumbledore said, to fight, and fight again,
and keep fighting, for only then could evil be kept at bay,
though never quite eradicated”
 The best defense against the spread of fake news is to learn how to
identify it.
 The best way to identify fake news is to be critical of what one
consumes, and is shared, over social media.
 The larger research community that has responded to fake news
has started to look to LIS work in information literacy as part
of a multipronged approach
 If librarians indeed have an important role to play in this
project, then it is time to show the community
 Developing information-literate citizens
 As ethical Information Professionals, we can build the
resilience of the general population by developing
information literacy & driving demand for better information
 Some of the biggest challenges we face as a ‘post-truth’ democracy
are challenges of literacy, ethics, learning and our sense of the
‘common good’
 These are the values at the heart of our profession

45. SUGGESTIONS
 Informed/Literate citizen can take better and
perfect decision.
 IL and MIL should be a part of LIS curriculum
 IL should be a mandatory part of all
Undergraduates
 Tools to stop fake news be practically teach in
LIS curriculum
 All Librarians have to take a lead role to stop
misinformation and fake news as it damages a
lot.

46. 
“Literacy is a bridge from misery to hope. It is a
tool for daily life in modern society. It is a
bulwark against poverty, and a building block of
development, an essential complement to
investments in roads, dams, clinics and factories.
Literacy is a platform for democratization, and a
vehicle for the promotion of cultural and national
identity. Especially for girls and women, it is an
agent of family health and nutrition. For
everyone, everywhere, literacy is, along with
education in general, a basic human right....
Literacy is, finally, the road to human progress
and the means through which every man, woman
and child can realize his or her full potential.”
― Kofi Annan, Former UN Secretary-
General

47. Thank You

48.  PPTs will be available on :
 https://www.slideshare.net/DrTrivedi1
 https://www.slideshare.net/mayanktrivedi21/pres
entations